Transcript Fungi
BOT3015L Fungi Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted Tree of Life Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular Endosymbiosis Animals Molecular evidence that both animals and fungi diverged from a common ancestor, likely a colonial protist Fungi (today) Protists Choanoflagellate, colonial protist www.tolweb.org Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fungi are important Cooking and baking Beer and wine production Cheese production Antibiotics Toxic waste cleanup Antibiotic production (cyclosporin, penicillin) Medical benefits (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory) Parasites and diseases in animals (ringworm, aflatoxins) Parasites and diseases in plants (powdery mildew, smuts, rot) Decomposition and nutrient cycling Mycorrhizal associations Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fungus Theme Slide BOT 3015 Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Notice that, based on molecular data, fungi are more closely related to animals than plants From Outlaw lecture Zygomycetes Classification using sexual reproduction (more later) * Formation of spores within zygosporangium. * No cross walls between cells. Ascomycete Zygomycete Formation of spores in ascus. Formation of spores on basidium. Modified from Outlaw lecture Basidiomycete Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport Absorption is the Fungal Mode of Nutrition MEMBRANE Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which break complex molecules into smaller building blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids (yellow symbols). The simple molecules are absorbed by the fungus. Secondary active transport Nutrients dilute relative to inside INSIDE OUTSIDE Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the preparation of this slide. Modified from Outlaw lecture Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms) Filamentous hyphae Mycelium - mass of hyphae Growth occurs at tips of hyphae Some have partitions called septa May be specialized e.g. rhizoids anchor to substrate and haustoria absorb from living cells Rhizopus (zygomycete) on strawberries Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms) • Spores produced sexually and asexually • Sexual reproduction by zygotic meiosis Characteristics of phyla of fungi Phylum Type of sexual spores Representatives Zygomycota Zygospore in zygosporangium Bread mold, endomycorrhizal Soft rot fungi Ascomycota Basidiomycota Common plant diseases Ascospore in ascus as part of ascocarp Powdery mildews, morels, truffles Powdery mildew, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease Basidiospore in basidium as part of basidiocarp Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts Black stem rust of cereals, corn smut, root rot Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycete life cycle Modified from Outlaw lecture Zygospore, distinguishing characteristic, is only diploid cell Example of the asexual sporangiophore Pilobolus (zygomycete) Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans Gametangia Zygospores Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Ascomycete life cycle Distinguishing characteristics Karyogamy Conidia of Nomuraea Plasmogamy Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza Ascospores Modified from Outlaw lecture Appearance of prototypical ascomycete From Outlaw lecture Xylaria sp. From Outlaw lecture Common edible morel, Morchella esculenta (ascomycete) Truffles World’s most expensive truffle White Alba Almost 3 pounds $112, 000 Photo from Wikipedia Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) ascocarp (pictured) found beneath the soil surface Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. From Outlaw lecture Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Basidiomycete life cycle From Outlaw lecture Basidia and basidiospores ~50µm ~200µm ~100µm Cross section of basidiocarp showing gills Coprinus (basidiomycete) with vital stain Basidia of Coprinus pileus From Outlaw lecture Basidia and basidiospores Basidia at time of basidospore release ~25µm SEM inky cap mushroom, Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete) 4 basidiospores atop ~10µm a single basidium Polypore example Polyporus arcularius Shelf fungus example Ganoderma applanatum Puffball Calostoma cinnabarina Netted stinkhorn Dictyophora duplicata White-egg bird’s-nest Crucibulum laeve Earthstar Geastrum saccatum Corn smut Ustilago maydis For a local collection go to Outlaw’s collection in the lecture series The yeast growth form Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ascomycete) Filamentous form Single-cell form ~25µm ~2.5µm Budding, a form of asexual reproduction