Transcript hindu names for baby

• PRAM
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
It is the switching time and inherent
scalability that makes PRAM most
appealing. PRAM's temperature sensitivity
is perhaps its most notable drawback, one
that may require changes in the production
process of manufacturers incorporating
the technology.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
Flash memory works by modulating charge
(electrons) stored within the gate of a MOS
transistor
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
PRAM can offer much higher performance in
applications where writing quickly is
important, both because the memory
element can be switched more quickly, and
also because single bits may be changed to
either 1 or 0 without needing to first erase an
entire block of cells. PRAM's high
performance, thousands of times faster than
conventional hard drives, makes it
particularly interesting in nonvolatile
memory roles that are currently
performance-limited by memory access
timing.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
In addition, with Flash, each burst of voltage
across the cell causes degradation. As the
size of the cells decreases, damage from
programming grows worse because the
voltage necessary to program the device
does not scale with the lithography. Most
flash devices are rated for, currently, only
5,000 writes per sector, and many flash
controllers perform wear leveling to spread
writes across many physical sectors.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
PRAM devices also degrade with use, for
different reasons than Flash, but degrade
much more slowly. A PRAM device may
endure around 100 million write cycles.
PRAM lifetime is limited by mechanisms
such as degradation due to GST thermal
expansion during programming, metal
(and other material) migration, and other
mechanisms still unknown.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
Flash parts can be programmed before being
soldered on to a board, or even purchased
pre-programmed. The contents of a PRAM,
however, are lost because of the high
temperatures needed to solder the device to
a board (see reflow soldering or wave
soldering). This is made worse by the recent
drive to lead-free manufacturing requiring
higher soldering temperatures. The
manufacturer using PRAM parts must provide
a mechanism to program the PRAM "insystem" after it has been soldered in place.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
The special gates used in Flash
memory "leak" charge (electrons)
over time, causing corruption and loss
of data. The resistivity of the memory
element in PRAM is more stable; at
the normal working temperature of
85°C, it is projected to retain data for
300 years.
1
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
By carefully modulating the amount of
charge stored on the gate, Flash
devices can store multiple (usually
two) bits in each physical cell. In
effect, this doubles the memory
density, reducing cost. PRAM devices
originally stored only a single bit in
each cell, but Intel's recent advances
have removed this problem.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
Because Flash devices trap electrons to
store information, they are susceptible to
data corruption from radiation, making
them unsuitable for many space and
military applications. PRAM exhibits higher
resistance to radiation.
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Phase-change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
PRAM cell selectors can
use various devices:
diodes, BJTs and
MOSFETs
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Porphyrin - Supramolecular chemistry
1
Porphyrins are often used to construct
structures in supramolecular
chemistry. These systems take
advantage of the Lewis acidity of the
metal, typically zinc. An example of a
host-guest complex that was
constructed from a macrocycle
composed of four porphyrins. A guestfree base porphyrin is bound to the
center by coordination with its fourpyridine substituents.
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Supramolecular
1
Systems biology|Biological systems are often
the inspiration for supramolecular research.
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Supramolecular - History
1
However, Nobel laureate Hermann Emil
Fischer developed supramolecular
chemistry's philosophical roots
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Supramolecular - History
The use of these principles led to an
increasing understanding of protein
structure and other biological processes
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Supramolecular - History
Eventually, chemists were able to take these
concepts and apply them to synthetic systems.
The breakthrough came in the 1960s with the
synthesis of the crown ethers by Charles J.
Pedersen. Following this work, other researchers
such as Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and
Fritz Vogtle became active in synthesizing shapeand ion-selective receptors, and throughout the
1980s research in the area gathered a rapid pace
with concepts such as mechanically-interlocked
molecular architectures emerging.
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Supramolecular - History
The importance of supramolecular
chemistry was established by the 1987
Nobel Prize for Chemistry which was
awarded to Donald J
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Supramolecular - History
During this period,
electrochemistry|electrochemical
and photochemistry|photochemical
motifs became integrated into
supramolecular systems in order to
increase functionality, research into
synthetic self-replicating system
began, and work on molecular
information processing devices began
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Supramolecular - Thermodynamics
1
In fact, chemical equilibrium equations
show that the low bond energy results
in a shift towards the breaking of
supramolecular complexes at higher
temperatures.
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Supramolecular - Thermodynamics
In addition, the dynamic nature of
supramolecular chemistry is utilized in many
systems (e.g
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Supramolecular - Thermodynamics
Thus, thermodynamics is an
important tool to design, control, and
study supramolecular chemistry.
Perhaps the most striking example is
that of warm-blooded biological
systems, which entirely cease to
operate outside a very narrow
temperature range.
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Supramolecular - Environment
The molecular environment around a
supramolecular system is also of prime
importance to its operation and stability.
Many solvents have strong hydrogen
bonding, electrostatic, and charge-transfer
capabilities, and are therefore able to
become involved in complex equilibria with
the system, even breaking complexes
completely. For this reason, the choice of
solvent can be critical.
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Supramolecular - Molecular self-assembly
1
Self-assembly may be subdivided into
intermolecular self-assembly (to form a
supramolecular assembly), and
intramolecular self-assembly (or Folding
(chemistry)|folding as demonstrated by
foldamers and polypeptides)
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Supramolecular - Molecular recognition and complexation
Molecular recognition is the specific
binding of a guest molecule to a
complementary host molecule to form a
host-guest chemistry|host-guest complex.
Often, the definition of which species is
the host and which is the guest is
arbitrary. The molecules are able to
identify each other using noncovalent
interactions. Key applications of this field
are the construction of molecular sensors
and catalysis.
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Supramolecular - Template-directed synthesis
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It may be considered a special case
of supramolecular catalysis
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Supramolecular - Mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures
1
Supramolecular chemistry, and templatedirected synthesis in particular, is key to
the efficient synthesis of the compounds
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Supramolecular - Dynamic covalent chemistry
1
In dynamic covalent chemistry covalent
bonds are broken and formed in a
reversible reaction under thermodynamic
control. While covalent bonds are key to
the process, the system is directed by
noncovalent forces to form the lowest
energy structures.
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Supramolecular - Biomimetics
Many synthetic supramolecular
systems are designed to copy
functions of biological systems. These
biomimetic architectures can be used
to learn about both the biological
model and the synthetic
implementation. Examples include
photoelectrochemical systems,
catalytic systems, protein design and
self-replication.
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Supramolecular - Imprinting
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Molecular imprinting describes a process
by which a host is constructed from small
molecules using a suitable molecular
species as a template
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Supramolecular - Molecular machinery
Molecular machines are molecules or
molecular assemblies that can perform
functions such as linear or rotational
movement, switching, and entrapment.
These devices exist at the boundary
between supramolecular chemistry and
nanotechnology, and prototypes have
been demonstrated using supramolecular
concepts.
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Supramolecular - Building blocks of supramolecular chemistry
Supramolecular systems are rarely
designed from first principles. Rather,
chemists have a range of well-studied
structural and functional building blocks
that they are able to use to build up larger
functional architectures. Many of these
exist as whole families of similar units,
from which the analog with the exact
desired properties can be chosen.
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Supramolecular - Synthetic recognition motifs
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*The Stacking (chemistry)|pi-pi chargetransfer interactions of bipyridinium
with dioxyarenes or diaminoarenes
have been used extensively for the
construction of mechanically
interlocked systems and in crystal
engineering.
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Supramolecular - Synthetic recognition motifs
1
*The use of crown ether binding with
metal or ammonium|ammonium
cations is ubiquitous in
supramolecular chemistry.
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Supramolecular - Synthetic recognition motifs
1
*The complexation of bipyridines or
tripyridines with ruthenium, silver or
other metal ions is of great utility in
the construction of complex
architectures of many individual
molecules.
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Supramolecular - Synthetic recognition motifs
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*The complexation of porphyrins or
phthalocyanines around metal ions
gives access to catalytic,
photochemical and electrochemical
properties as well as Coordination
complex|complexation. These units
are used a great deal by nature.
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Supramolecular - Macrocycles
Macrocycles are very useful in
supramolecular chemistry, as they provide
whole cavities that can completely
surround guest molecules and may be
chemically modified to fine-tune their
properties.
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Supramolecular - Macrocycles
*Cyclodextrins, calixarenes,
cucurbiturils and crown ethers are
readily synthesized in large
quantities, and are therefore
convenient for use in supramolecular
systems.
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Supramolecular - Macrocycles
*Supramolecular metallocycles are
macrocyclic aggregates with metal
ions in the ring, often formed from
angular and linear modules. Common
metallocycle shapes in these types of
applications include triangles,
squares, and pentagons, each bearing
functional groups that connect the
pieces via self-assembly.
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Supramolecular - Macrocycles
*Metallacrowns are
metallomacrocycles generated via a
similar self-assembly approach from
fused chelate-rings.
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Supramolecular - Structural units
Many supramolecular systems
require their components to have
suitable spacing and conformations
relative to each other, and therefore
easily-employed structural units are
required.
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Supramolecular - Structural units
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*Commonly used spacers and connecting
groups include polyether chains, biphenyls
and triphenyls, and simple alkyl chains.
The chemistry for creating and connecting
these units is very well understood.
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Supramolecular - Structural units
1
*nanoparticles, nanorods, Fullerene
Ligands|fullerenes and dendrimers
offer nanometer-sized structure and
encapsulation units.
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Supramolecular - Structural units
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*surface chemistry|Surfaces can be
used as scaffolds for the construction
of complex systems and also for
interfacing electrochemical systems
with electrodes. Regular surfaces can
be used for the construction of selfassembled monolayers and
multilayers.
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Supramolecular - Photo-/electro-chemically active units
1
*Porphyrins, and phthalocyanines have
highly tunable photochemical and
electrochemical activity as well as the
potential for forming complexes.
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Supramolecular - Photo-/electro-chemically active units
1
*Photochromic and photoisomerizable
groups have the ability to change their
shapes and properties (including binding
properties) upon exposure to light.
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Supramolecular - Photo-/electro-chemically active units
*Tetrathiafulvalene|TTF and quinones
have more than one stable oxidation state,
and therefore can be switched with redox
chemistry or electrochemistry. Other units
such as benzidine derivatives, viologens
groups and fullerenes, have also been
utilized in supramolecular electrochemical
devices.
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Supramolecular - Biologically-derived units
1
*The extremely strong complexation
between avidin and biotin is
instrumental in blood clotting, and
has been used as the recognition motif
to construct synthetic systems.
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Supramolecular - Biologically-derived units
*The binding of enzymes with their
Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactors has
been used as a route to produce modified
enzymes, electrically contacted enzymes,
and even photoswitchable enzymes.
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Supramolecular - Biologically-derived units
*DNA has been used both as a
structural and as a functional unit in
synthetic supramolecular systems.
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Supramolecular - Materials technology
Thus most of the bottom-up
approaches to nanotechnology are
based on supramolecular
chemistry.Supramolecular Chemistry:
From Molecules to Nanomaterials, P.A
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Supramolecular - Catalysis
Template-directed
synthesis is a special
case of supramolecular
catalysis
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Supramolecular - Medicine
1
In addition, supramolecular systems
have been designed to disrupt proteinprotein interactions that are important
to cellular function.Bertrand, N.;
Gauthier, M.A.; Bouvet, C.; Moreau, P.;
Petitjean, A.; Leroux, J.C.; Leblond, J
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Supramolecular - Data storage and processing
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In many cases, photonic or chemical
signals have been used in these
components, but electrical interfacing
of these units has also been shown by
supramolecular signal transduction
devices
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Supramolecular - Green chemistry
Research in supramolecular chemistry
also has application in green chemistry
where reactions have been developed
which proceed in the solid state directed
by non-covalent bonding. Such
procedures are highly desirable since they
reduce the need for solvents during the
production of chemicals.
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Supramolecular - Other devices and functions
Supramolecular chemistry is often
pursued to develop new functions that
cannot appear from a single molecule.
These functions also include
magnetism|magnetic properties, light
responsiveness, self-healing polymers,
synthetic ion channels, Molecular
Sensor|molecular sensors, etc.
Supramolecular research has been
applied to develop Biosensor|high-tech
sensors, processes to treat radioactive
waste, and contrast agents for Computed
axial tomography|CAT scans
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Molecular recognition - Supramolecular systems
Chemists have demonstrated that
artificial supramolecular
chemistry|supramolecular systems
can be designed that exhibit
molecular recognition. One of the
earliest examples of such a system
are crown ethers which are capable of
selectively binding specific cations.
However, a number of artificial
systems have since been established.
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Photochromic - Supramolecular chemistry
1
Photochromic units have been employed
extensively in supramolecular chemistry
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Molecular self-assembly - Supramolecular systems
1
Further examples of supramolecular
assemblies demonstrate that a variety
of different shapes and sizes can be
obtained using molecular selfassembly.
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Molecular self-assembly - Supramolecular systems
Molecular self-assembly allows the
construction of challenging molecular
topology|topologies. One example is
Borromean rings, interlocking rings
wherein removal of one ring unlocks
each of the other rings. DNA has been
used to prepare a Molecular Borromean
rings|molecular analog of Borromean
rings. More recently, a similar structure
has been prepared using non-biological
building blocks.
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Supramolecular assembly
1
The dimensions of supramolecular assemblies
can range from nanometers to micrometers
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Supramolecular assembly
The process by which a
supramolecular assembly forms is
called molecular self-assembly. Some
try to distinguish self-assembly as the
process by which individual molecules
form the defined aggregate. Selforganization, then, is the process by
which those aggregates create higherorder structures. This can become
useful when talking about liquid
crystals and block copolymers.
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Supramolecular assembly - Applications
Supramolecular assemblies are being
investigated as new materials in a variety
of contexts. For instance, Samuel I. Stupp
and coworkers at Northwestern University
showed that a supramolecular assembly
of peptide amphiphiles in the form of
nanofibers could be used to promote the
growth of neurons. A great advantage to
this supramolecular approach is that the
nanofibers will degrade back into the
individual peptide molecules that can be
broken down by the body.
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Supramolecular assembly - Applications
1
Another example with implications at the
biology/materials science interface is of
molecular self-assembly|self-assembling
dendritic dipeptides, which form hollow
cylindrical supramolecular assemblies in
solution and in bulk. The cylindrical
assemblies possess internal helical order
and self-organize into columnar liquid
crystalline lattices. When inserted into
vesicular membranes, the porous
cylindrical assemblies mediate transport
of protons across the membrane.
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Supramolecular assembly - Applications
Molecular self-assembly|Selfassembling dendrons have also been
used to generate arrays of nanowires.
Electron donor-acceptor complexes
comprise the core of the cylindrical
supramolecular assemblies, which
further self-organize into twodimensional columnar liquid crystaline
lattices. Each cylindrical
supramolecular assembly functions as
an individual wire. High charge carrier
mobility|charge carrier mobilities for
holes and electrons were obtained.
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Restless legs syndrome - Ropinirole vs. pramipexole
This led the authors to conclude:
differences in efficacy and tolerability
favouring pramipexole over ropinirole
can be observed.
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Rayon - Cuprammonium method
1
industriepark-oberbruch.de Production of
cuprammonium rayon for textiles started in
1899 in the Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken
AG in Oberbruch.Verinigte Glanstoff
Fabriken merged with the Nederlandse
Kunstzijdefabrieken in 1929 to form the
Algemene Kunstzijde Unie, AkzoNobel's
predecessor Improvement by the
Bemberg|J
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
It is the switching time and inherent
scalability[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/1
0.1021/nl902777z], Toward the Ultimate
Limit of Phase Change in Ge2Sb2Te5
that makes PRAM most appealing.
PRAM's temperature sensitivity is
perhaps its most notable drawback,
one that may require changes in the
production process of manufacturers
incorporating the technology.
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
Flash memory works by modulating
charge (electrons) stored within the
gate of a MOSFET|MOS transistor
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
PRAM devices also degrade with use, for
different reasons than Flash, but degrade
much more slowly. A PRAM device may
endure around 100 million write
cycles.[http://dailytech.com/Article.aspx?new
sid=6371 Intel to Sample Phase Change
Memory This Year] PRAM lifetime is limited
by mechanisms such as degradation due to
GST thermal expansion during programming,
metal (and other material) migration, and
other mechanisms still unknown.
1
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
The manufacturer using PRAM parts
must provide a mechanism to program
the PRAM in-system after it has been
soldered in place.
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
The resistivity of the memory element in
PRAM is more stable; at the normal
working temperature of 85°C, it is
projected to retain data for 300
years.Pirovano, A
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Phase change memory - PRAM vs. Flash
1
PRAM cell selectors can use various devices:
diodes, Bipolar junction transistor|BJTs and
MOSFETs
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Cardiac output - Uncalibrated, pre-estimated demographic data-free — PRAM
1
Pressure Recording Analytical Method
(PRAM), estimates Q from the analysis
of the pressure wave profile obtained
from an arterial catheter (radial or
femoral access)
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Cardiac output - Uncalibrated, pre-estimated demographic data-free — PRAM
1
PRAM has been validated against the
considered gold standard methods in
stable condition and in various
hemodynamic states; it can be used to
monitor pediatric and mechanically
supported patients.
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Cardiac output - Uncalibrated, pre-estimated demographic data-free — PRAM
1
A part to generally monitored hemodynamic
values and to fluid responsiveness
parameters, an exclusive reference is also
provided by PRAM: Cardiac Cycle Efficiency
(CCE). Expressed by a pure number ranging
from 1 (the best) and -1 (the worse) it
indicates the overall heart-vascular response
coupling; the ratio between the heart
performed and consumed energy,
represented as CCE stress index, can be of
paramount importance in understanding
patient present and next future course.
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
1
Prama, in Sanskrit, refers to the correct
knowledge, arrived at by thorough
reasoning, of any object. Pramana
(sources of knowledge, Sanskrit) forms
one part of a triputi, (trio), namely,
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
1
# Pramatir, the subject;
the knower of the
knowledge
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
* Anumana mdash;
the knowledge gained
by means of inference
1
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
1
* Shabda mdash; the knowledge
gained by means of shruti
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
1
Perception refers to knowledge obtained
by cognition of external objects based on
sensory perception. In modern day usage
this will also include knowledge obtained
by means of observation through scientific
instruments since they are an extension of
perception.
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
Inference refers to knowledge
obtained by deductive reasoning
and analysis.
1
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Vishishtadvaita - Pramanas
1
Shruti refers to knowledge gained
from scriptures - primarily the
Upanishads, the Brahma Sutras and
the Bhagavad Gita.
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List of publications in chemistry - Supramolecular Chemistry – Concepts and
Perspectives
1
'Importance:' Most-popular textbook
on subject (according to
Amazon.com). Lehn coined the term
supermolecule in '73, developed the
concept of supramolecular chemistry
in '78, and won the Nobel Prize for his
supramolecular chemistry work in
’87.
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List of publications in chemistry - Supramolecular Medicinal Chemistry
Supramolecular Medicinal Chemistry:
Mixed-Ligand Coordination Complexes.Mol.
Pharmaceutics, 2007, 4 (3), pp 373–
385;Pharmaceutical co-crystals.Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2006, 95 (3), pp
499–516;Crystal engineering of
pharmaceutical co-crystals from
polymorphic active pharmaceutical
ingredients. Chem. Commun, 2005, pp 4601 –
4603; Recent advances of discrete
coordination complexes and coordination
polymers in drug delivery. Coord. Chem.
Rev., 2011, 255, pp 1623–1641.
1
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List of publications in chemistry - Supramolecular Medicinal Chemistry
1
'Importance:'
Breakthrough,
Influence
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Hyderabad State - Rajpramukhs
Hyderabad State had its last Nizam,
Asaf Jah VII|HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan
(b. 1886 -d. 1967) as Rajpramukh from
26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956.
1
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Clomipramine
1
'Clomipramine' (trademarked as 'Anafranil') is
a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It was
developed in the early 1960sCH Patent
371800 Verfahren zur Herstellung von neuen
N-heterocyclischen Verbindungen (A process
for the preparation of novel N-heterocyclic
compounds) by the Swiss drug manufacturer
Geigy (now known as Novartis) and has been
in clinical use worldwide ever since. It is the
3-chloro|chlorinated chemical
derivative|derivative of the earlier tricyclic,
imipramine.
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
Clomipramine has a
number of uses in
medicine including in
the treatment of:
1
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
1
* Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
which is its only US Food and Drug
Administration|FDA-labelled indication.
Other regulatory agencies (such as the
TGA of Australia and the MHRA of the
UK) have also approved clomipramine
for this indication.
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
1
* Major depressive disorder (MDD) a
popular off-label use in the US. It is
approved by the Australian
Therapeutic Goods
Administration|TGA and the United
Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare
Products Regulatory Agency|MHRA
for this indication.
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
* Panic disorder with or without
agoraphobia. Some have suggested the
possible superior efficacy of clomipramine
compared to other antidepressants in the
treatment of MDD, although at the current
time the evidence is insufficient to
adequately substantiate this claim.
1
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
* Cataplexy associated with
narcolepsy. Which is a Therapeutic
Goods Administration|TGA
Medicines and Healthcare Products
Regulatory Agency|MHRA-labelled
indication for clomipramine.
1
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
1
* Premature ejaculation
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
1
* Chronic pain with or without organic disease,
particularly headache of the tension type.
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
1
* Bedwetting|Enuresis (involuntary nightly urinating
in sleep) in children and adolescents.
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Clomipramine - Medical uses
In a metaanalysis of various trials
involving fluoxetine (Prozac),
fluvoxamine (Luvox), and sertraline
(Zoloft) to test their relative efficacies
in treating OCD, clomipramine was
found to be the most effective.
1
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Clomipramine - Pregnancy and lactation
Clomipramine use during pregnancy is
associated with congenital heart defects in
the newborn. It is also associated with
reversible withdrawal effects in the
newborn. Clomipramine is also distributed
in breast milk and hence nursing while
taking clomipramine is advised against.
1
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Pancytopaenia — an abnormally low
amount of all the different types of
blood cells in the blood (including
platelets, white blood cells and red
blood cells).
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Leukopenia|Leucopoenia
— a low white blood cell
count.
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Agranulocytosis — basically a worse
form of leucopaenia; a dangerously low
white blood cell count which leaves one
open to life-threatening infections due to
the role of the white blood cells in
defending the body from invaders.
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Thrombocytopenia — an abnormally
low amount of platelets in the blood
which are essential to clotting and
hence this leads to an increased
tendency to bruise and bleed,
including, potentially, internally.
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
* Eosinophilia — an abnormally high
number of eosinophils — the cells that
fight off parasitic infections — in the blood.
1
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
* Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) — a potentially
fatal reaction to certain medications that is
due to an excessive release of antidiuretic
hormone — a hormone that prevents the
production of urine by increasing the
reabsorption of fluids in the kidney — this
results in the development of various
electrolyte abnormalities (e.g. hyponatraemia
[low blood sodium], hypokalaemia [low blood
potassium], hypocalcaemia [low blood
calcium]).
1
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Hepatitis (liver swelling) with or without
jaundice — the yellowing of the eyes, the
skin, and mucous membranes due to
impaired liver function.
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
* Anaphylactic and
anaphylactoid reactions
including hypotension
1
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
— a potentially fatal side effect of
antidopaminergic agents such as
antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants
and antiemetics (drugs that relieve nausea
and vomiting). NMS develops over a
period of days or weeks and is
characterised by the following symptoms:
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
** Mental status change (such as confusion,
delirium, mania, hypomania, agitation, coma, etc.)
1
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
** Hyperthermia (high
body temperature)
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
** Diaphoresis (sweating profusely)
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
1
* Alveolitis allergic (pneumonitis)
with or without eosinophilia
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Clomipramine - Adverse effects
* Conduction disorder (e.g. widening of
QRS complex, prolonged QT interval, PQ
changes, bundle-branch block, torsade de
pointes, particularly in patients with
hypokalaemia)
1
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Clomipramine - Withdrawal
Withdrawal symptoms can also occur in
neonates when clomipramine is used during
pregnancy
1
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Clomipramine - Drug interactions
1
Its use is also advised against in those
concurrently on CYP2D6 inhibitors
due the potential for increased plasma
levels of clomipramine and the
resulting potential for Central nervous
system|CNS and cardiotoxicity.
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Clomipramine - Contraindications
1
Contraindications include:
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Clomipramine - Contraindications
* Known hypersensitivity to
clomipramine, or any of the excipients
or cross-sensitivity to tricyclic
antidepressants of the dibenzazepine
group
1
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Clomipramine - Contraindications
1
* Urinary retention
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Clomipramine - Contraindications
1
* It must not be given in combination or
within 3 weeks before or after treatment
with an irreversible monoamine oxidase
inhibitor.
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Clomipramine - Overdose
Clomipramine
overdose usually
presents with the
following symptoms:
1
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Clomipramine - Overdose
1
* Signs of central nervous
system depression such as:
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Clomipramine - Overdose
1
* Serotonin syndrome - a condition with
many of the same symptoms as
neuroleptic malignant syndrome but has a
significantly more rapid onset (a matter of
hours).
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Clomipramine - Overdose
1
* Cardiovascular effects including:
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Clomipramine - Overdose
1
** arrhythmias (including Torsades
de pointes)
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Clomipramine - Overdose
1
In another meta-analysis, however,
clomipramine was associated with a
significant degree of toxicity in
overdose.
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Clomipramine - Pharmacokinetics
It has an elimination half-life of 32
hours, and its N-desmethyl
metabolite, desmethylclomipramine,
has a half-life of approximately 69
hours
1
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Clomipramine - Veterinary uses
In the US, clomipramine is currently only
licensed to treat separation anxiety in dogs
for which it is sold under the brand name
'clomicalm'. It has also proven itself effective
in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive
disorders in cats and dogs. In dogs it has
also demonstrated similar efficacy to
fluoxetine in treating tail chasing. In dogs
some evidence suggests its efficacy in
treating noise phobia. It has also
demonstrated efficacy in treating urinary
spraying in cats.
1
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Dimeditiapramine
1
'Dimeditiapramine' (Tiapamil) is a calcium
channel blocker. Tiapamil has been
described as an antianginal agent.
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Dimeditiapramine - Chemical Synthesis
1
A possible synthetic route
is:Ramuz, H.; Arznei.Forsch. 1978, 28, 2048.
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Sati (Buddhism) - Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa
In Buddhist practice, mindfulness also
includes Sampajañña|samprajaña,
meaning clear comprehension and
Apramada|apramāda meaning
vigilance.[http://madhyamavani.fwbo.org/8/
mindfulness.html Mindfulness and the
Mind, by Subhuti. Madhyamavani Online]
All three terms are sometimes
(confusingly) translated as mindfulness,
but they all have specific shades of
meaning.
1
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Sati (Buddhism) - Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa
In a publicly available
correspondence between Bhikkhu
Bodhi and B. Alan Wallace, Bodhi has
described Ven. Nyanaponika Thera's
views on right mindfulness and
sampajañña as follows:
1
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Sati (Buddhism) - Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa
In the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, sati and
sampajañña are combined with atappa
(Pali; Sanskrit: ātapaḥ), or ardency, and
the three together comprise yoniso
manisikara (Pali; Sanskrit: yoniśas
manaskāraḥ), appropriate attention or
wise reflection.Mindfulness Defined, by
Thanissaro Bhikku. pg 2
1
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Desipramine
'Desipramine' (also known as
'desmethylimipramine') is a tricyclic
antidepressant (TCA). It inhibits the reuptake
of norepinephrine and to a minor extent
serotonin. It is used to treat clinical
depression|depression, but not considered a
first line treatment since the introduction of
SSRI antidepressants. Desipramine is an
active metabolite of imipramine. It is sold
under the brand names 'Treyzafagit',
'Norpramin' and 'Pertofrane'.
1
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Desipramine - Medical uses
Its primary therapeutic use is in the
treatment of depression. Along with other
tricyclics, desipramine has found use in
treating neuropathic pain. The mechanism
of action seems to involve the activation,
through norepinephrine reuptake
inhibition, of descending pathways in the
spinal cord that block pain signals from
ascending to the brain. Desipramine is one
of the most potent and selective
1
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Desipramine - Medical uses
medications in this respect. It may
also be used to treat symptoms of
attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder. It has also been tried, albeit
with little evidence of efficacy, in the
treatment of cocaine dependence.
1
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Desipramine - Adverse effects
1
It tends to be less sedating than other and
tends to produce fewer anticholinergic
effects like dry mouth, urinary retention,
blurred vision, memory impairment and
constipation.
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Desipramine - Genotoxicity
Desipramine has been shown to be
genotoxic in fruit flies and associated
with an increased risk of breast cancer
in women.
1
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Desipramine - Overdose
1
Desipramine is particularly toxic in cases of
overdose, compared to other antidepressants.
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Actinide chemistry - Nanotechnology and supramolecular chemistry of actinides
1
The possibility of using unique properties of
lanthanides in the nanotechnology is
demonstrated
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Cianopramine
Is Ro 11-2465 (cyan-imipramine) an
antagonist of postsynaptic serotonin
receptors? Journal of Neural Transmission
1
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Carpipramine
1
'Carpipramine' ('Prazinil', 'Defekton') is an
atypical antipsychotic used for the
treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety in
France and Japan. In addition to its
neuroleptic and anxiolytic effects,
carpipramine also has hypnotic properties.
It is chemical structure|structurally related
to both tricyclics like imipramine and
butyrophenones like haloperidol.
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Opipramol
1
Opipramol was
developed by
Schindler and
Blattner in 1961.
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Opipramol - Medical uses
Opipramol is typically used in the
treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD) and somatoform disorders. Its
anxiolysis becomes prominent after only
one to two weeks of chronic
administration. Upon first commencing
treatment, opipramol is rather sedating in
nature due to its antihistamine properties,
but this effect becomes less prominent
with time.
1
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Opipramol - Medical uses
Opipramols sigma-1 agonizing effects
likely impart potent antitussive effects,
many other sigma-1 agonists (ex. codeine,
hydrocodone, and dextromethorphan) are
used for this purpose.
1
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Opipramol - Pregnancy and lactation
Experimental animal studies did not
indicate injurious effects of opipramol on
the Human embryogenesis|embryonic
development or the fertility. Opipramol
should be prescribed during pregnancy,
particularly in the first trimester, only for
compelling indication.
1
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Opipramol - Pregnancy and lactation
Opipramol should not be used during
lactation period, since the active ingredient
passes into the milk in small quantities. At
compelling indication it is to be
:fr:ablactation|ablactated.
1
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Opipramol - Pharmacology
After sub-chronic treatment, opipramol is
significantly down-regulated to σ2 but not σ1 sites.
1
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Opipramol - Pharmacokinetics
1
Opipramol is partially
metabolized in liver as
deshydroxy ethylopipramol
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Opipramol - Adverse effects
Opipramol is a well-tolerated drug and
produces less side effects as compared to
Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor|SSRIs and Serotonin–
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|SNRIs.
1
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Opipramol - Paradoxical reactions
1
The frequently (≥1% to 10%) reported
adverse reactions with opipramol
especially at the beginning of the
treatment includes Fatigue
(medical)|fatigue, Xerostomia|dry
mouth, blocked nose, hypotension and
orthostatic dysregulation.
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Opipramol - Paradoxical reactions
The adverse reactions reported
occasionally(≥0.1% to 1%) includes
dizziness, stupor, micturition
disturbances, Accommodation
(eye)|accommodation disturbances,
tremor, weight gain, thirst, allergic
skin reactions (rash, uriticaria),
abnormal ejaculation, Erectile
dysfunction|erectile impotence,
constipation, transient increase in
liver enzyme activities, tachycardia
and palpilations.
1
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Opipramol - Paradoxical reactions
Rarely (≥0.01% to 0.1%) reported adverse
reaction includes excitation, headache, parethesia
especially in elderly patients, restlessness,
sweating, Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances,
oedema, galactorrhea, urine blockage, nausea
and vomiting, collapse conditions, stimulation
conducting disturbances, intensification of present
heart insufficiency, blood profile changes
particularly leukopenia, confusion, delirium,
stomach complaints, taste disturbance and
Ileus|paralytic ileus especially with sudden
discontinuation of a longer term high dose therapy.
1
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Opipramol - Paradoxical reactions
1
Very rarely ( 0.01%) adverse reaction
includes seizures, motor disorder,
(akathisia, dyskinesia), ataxia,
polyneuropathy, glaucoma, anxiety,
hairfall, agranulocytosis, severe liver
dysfunction after long term treatment,
jaundice and chronic liver damage.
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Opipramol - Overdosage
1
Symptoms of intoxications includes
drowsiness, insomnia, stupor,
agitation, coma, transient confusion,
increased axiety, ataxia, convulsions,
oligouria, anuria, tachycardia or
bradycardia, arrhythmia, AV block,
hypotension, shock, respiratory
depression, rarely, cardiac arrest.
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Opipramol - Overdosage
As therapy of intoxication, specific
antidote is not available, removal of
the drug by vomiting or gastric lavage
should be done
1
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Opipramol - Drug interactions
1
The therapy with Opipramol indictates an
additional therapy with neuroleptics,
hypnotics and tranquilizers (eg.
Barbituarates, Benzodiapines). Thereby it
should be noted that some specific
reactions, particularly central-subduing
effects could be intensified and an
intensification of common side effects may
occur. If necessary the dosage may be
reduced.
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Opipramol - Drug interactions
1
Co-administration
with alcohol can
cause stupor.
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Opipramol - Drug interactions
1
Barbituarates and anti-convulsants can
reduce the plasma concentration of
Opipramol and thereby weaken the
therapeutic effect
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Opipramol - Contraindications
1
*In patients with hypersensitivity to
opipramol dihydrochloride or an other
component of the formulation.
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Opipramol - Contraindications
1
*Acute alcohol, hypnotic|soporofics, analgesics and
antidepressant intoxications.
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Opipramol - Contraindications
1
*Acute urinary retention
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Opipramol - Contraindications
1
*Benign prostatic hyperplasia|Prostate hypertrophy
with residual urinary retention.
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Opipramol - Contraindications
*Pre-existing higher grade
Atrioventricular block|AV blockages
or Supraventricular
tachycardia|diffuse supra ventricular
or Electrical conduction system of the
heart|ventricular stimulus
conduction disturbances.
1
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Clocapramine
'Clocapramine' ('Clofekton',
'Padrasen'), also known as '3chlorocarpipramine', is an atypical
antipsychotic of the
imide|imidobenzyl class which was
introduced in Japan in 1974 by
Yoshitomi for the treatment of
schizophrenia. In addition to
psychosis, clocapramine has also
been used to augment antidepressants
1
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Clocapramine
1
Clocapramine's affinity for the 5-HT2A
receptor is greater than that for the D2
receptor and it has a lower propensity
for inducing extrapyramidal
symptoms compared to typical
antipsychotics, thus underlying its
atypical nature.
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Clocapramine
Against timiperone, clocapramine
showed lower efficacy against both
positive and negative symptoms and
produced more side effects such as
dyskinesia, insomnia, constipation, and
nausea.
1
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Clocapramine
1
Clocapramine has been implicated in at
least one fatality, a suicide in which there
were two self-inflicted stab wounds and an
overdose of clocapramine as well as three
other antipsychotics was taken. The stab
wounds could not explain the death, and
thus, it was attributed to multiple drug
toxicity instead.
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Citalopram
'Citalopram' ( or ; brand names:
'Celexa', 'Cipramil') is an
antidepressant Medication|drug of the
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI) class
1
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Citalopram - Depression
The ranking results were based on the
meta analysis by Andrea Cipriani In
another analysis by Cipriani citalopram
turned out to be more efficacious than
paroxetine and reboxetine and more
acceptable than tricyclics, reboxetine and
venlafaxine, however it seemed to be less
efficacious than escitalopram.
1
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Citalopram - Depression
1
Evidence for effectiveness of citalopram for
treating depression in children is equivocal.
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Citalopram - Depression
1
There has been controversy regarding the
efficacy of antidepressants in treating
depression depending on its severity and
duration, as discussed in the Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor article.
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Citalopram - Panic disorder
1
A comparison of citalopram and paroxetine
in the treatment of panic disorder: a
randomized, single-blind study
Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: 85–90
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
Citalopram is frequently used off-label to
treat anxiety, panic disorder,
dysthymiaHellerstein DJ, Batchelder S,
Miozzo R, Kreditor D, Hyler S, Gangure D,
Clark J. Citalopram in the treatment of
dysthymic disorder.Int Clin
Psychopharmacol 2004; 19: 143–8.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, body
dysmorphic disorder and obsessive–
compulsive disorder.
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
Citalopram intravenous infusion in
resistant obsessive-compulsive
disorder: an open trial J Clin
Psychiatry 2002 Sep;63(9) 796-801
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
Effect of citalopram in treating hypersexuality
in an Alzheimer's disease case
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
A meta analysis, including studies with
fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline,
escitalopram and citalopram versus
placebo, showed that SSRIs are effective
in reducing symptoms of premenstrual
syndrome (PMS), whether taken
continuously or just in the luteal
phase.Marjoribanks J, Brown J, O'Brien
PM, Wyatt K. Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual
syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2013 Jun 7;6
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Citalopram - Off-label
Citalopram has produced a modest
reduction in alcoholic drink intake
and increase in drink-free days in
studies of alcoholics, possibly by
decreasing desire or reducing the
reward Tiihonen J, Ryynänen OP,
Kauhanen J, Hakola HP, Salaspuro M.
Citalopram in the treatment of
alcoholism: a double-blind placebocontrolled study Pharmacopsychiatry
1
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
Citalopram has been
found to reduce the
symptoms of diabetic
neuropathy.
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Citalopram - Off-label
Citalopram and other selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs can be used to treat
hot flashes.
1
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Citalopram - Off-label
A 2009 multisite randomized controlled
study found no benefit and some adverse
effects in autistic children from citalopram,
raising doubts whether SSRIs are effective
for treating repetitive behavior in children
with autism.
1
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Citalopram - Off-label
1
Some research suggests that citalopram
interacts with cannabinoid proteincouplings in the rat brain, and this is put
forward as a potential cause of some of
the drug's antidepressant effect.
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Citalopram - Administration
1
The absorption of citalopram does not
increase when taken with food, but
doing so can help prevent nausea
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Citalopram - Administration
1
Citalopram is considered safe and well
tolerated in the Therapeutic
window|therapeutic dose range. Distinct
from some other agents in its class,
citalopram exhibits linear
pharmacokinetics and minimal drug
interaction potential, making it a better
choice for the elderly or
Comorbidity|comorbid patients.
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Citalopram - Adverse effects
1
Sexual satisfaction and quality of life in
major depressive disorder before and
after treatment with citalopram in the
STAR*D study J Clin Psychiatry 2013
Mar;74(3) 256-61
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Citalopram - Adverse effects
Citalopram theoretically causes side
effects by increasing the concentration of
serotonin in other parts of the body (e.g.,
the intestines). Other side effects, such as
increased apathy and emotional flattening,
may be caused by the decrease in
dopamine release that is associated with
increased serotonin. Citalopram is also a
mild antihistamine, which may be
responsible for some of its sedating
properties.
1
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Citalopram - Adverse effects
1
Citalopram and
nightmares
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Citalopram - Adverse effects
1
Withdrawal symptoms can occur when this
medicine is suddenly stopped. These
include paraesthesiae, sleeping problems
such as difficulty sleeping and intense
dreams, feeling dizzy, agitated or anxious,
nausea, vomiting, tremors, confusion,
sweating, headache, diarrhoea,
palpitations, changes in emotions,
irritability, and eye or eyesight problems.
Treatment with citalopram should be
reduced gradually when treatment is
finished.
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Citalopram - Abnormal heart rhythm QTc prolongation
It was also true for escitalopram and
amitriptylineCastro V, Clements C, Murphy
S QT interval and antidepressant use: a
cross sectional study of electronic health
records BMJ 2013;346:f288 although the
effect sizes were small and there is no
epidemiological evidence for higher risk of
cardiac arythmia.Leonard CE, Bilker WB,
Newcomb C, Kimmel SE, Hennessy S
1
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Citalopram - Abnormal heart rhythm QTc prolongation
1
Another large study found no elevated
risks of ventricular arrhythmia or allcause, cardiac, or noncardiac
mortality associated with citalopram
dosages ref name=Zivin K 2013ref
name=ReferenceB/ref name=Zivin K
2013/0.4 points)
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Citalopram - Abnormal heart rhythm QTc prolongation
1
It is uncertain whether there is an
increased prevalence of septal heart
defects among children whose
mothers were prescribed an SSRI in
early pregnancy.
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Citalopram - Abnormal heart rhythm QTc prolongation
1
Citalopram and other selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs can induce a
Mixed state (psychiatry)|mixed state,
especially in those with undiagnosed
bipolar disorder.
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Citalopram - Interactions
1
One study found that Hypericum extracts
had similar effects in treating moderate
depression as citalopram, with fewer side
effects.
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Citalopram - Interactions
1
However, these concerns are still disputed
as the exact pharmacodynamic effects of
Citalopram and MDMA have yet to be fully
identified.
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Citalopram - Interactions
SSRIs, including citalopram, can
increase the risk of bleeding,
especially when coupled with aspirin,
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug|NSAIDs, warfarin, or other
anticoagulants. Citalopram is
Contraindication|contraindicated in
individuals taking Monoamine
oxidase inhibitor|MAOIs, owing to a
potential for serotonin syndrome.
1
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Citalopram - Interactions
1
Taking citalopram with Omeprazole may
cause higher blood levels of citalopram.
This is a potentially dangerous interaction,
so dosage adjustments may be needed or
alternatives may be prescribed.
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Citalopram - Interactions
Alternatively, a patient wishing to stop
taking Citalopram may visit a
compounding pharmacy where his or her
prescription may be re-arranged into
progressively smaller dosages.
1
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Citalopram - Overdosage
1
Blood or plasma citalopram concentrations
are usually in a range of 50-400 μg/L in
persons receiving the drug therapeutically,
1000-3000 μg/L in patients who survive
acute overdosage and 3–30mg/L in those
who do not survive
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Citalopram - Suicidality
1
In the United States, citalopram, like
other antidepressants, carries a black
box warning stating that it may
increase suicidal thinking and
behavior in those under age 24.
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Citalopram - Stereochemistry
1
Citalopram has one stereocenter, to which
a Fluorocarbon|4-fluorophenyl group and
an N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropyl group
bind. As a result of this Chirality
(chemistry)|chirality, the molecule exists in
(two) enantiomeric forms (mirror images).
They are termed S-(+)-citalopram and R-(–
)-citalopram.
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Citalopram - Stereochemistry
1
Whereas citalopram is supplied as the
Hydrobromic acid|hydrobromide,
escitalopram is sold as the oxalate salt
(hydrooxalate)
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Citalopram - History
Citalopram was originally created in
1989 by the pharmaceutical company
Lundbeck. The patent expired in 2003,
allowing other companies to legally
produce generic drug|generic versions.
Lundbeck has recently released an
updated formulation called
escitalopram, which is the S-enantiomer
of the racemic citalopram (see
#Stereochemistry|b), and acquired a
new patent for it. In the United States,
Forest Labs manufactures and markets
1
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
Citalopram is sold
under the following
brand-names:
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Citalopram - Brand names
* 'Celexa' (U.S. and Canada, Forest
Laboratories|Forest Laboratories, Inc.),
1
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Cilate' (South
Africa),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Cimal' (South America, by
Roemmers and Recalcine),
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Citalopram - Brand names
* 'Cipramil' (Australia, Brazil,
Belgium, Finland, Germany,
Netherlands, Ireland, Israel, Norway,
Sweden, United Kingdom, New
Zealand, South Africa, Russia),
1
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Citalec' (Slovakia,
Czech Republic),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Citalo' (Australia,
Egypt),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Citalopram' (USA, United
Kingdom, Denmark,
Germany, Spain,
Switzerland),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Citrol' (Europe and
Australia),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Clitoram' (United
Kingdom),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Humorup'
(Argentina),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Humorap' (Peru,
Bolivia),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Recital' (Israel, Thrima Inc. for
Unipharm Ltd.),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Talam' (Europe and
Australia),
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Citalopram - Brand names
1
* 'Zentius' (South
America, by
Roemmers and
Recalcine),
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Citalopram - European Commission fine
1
On 19 June 2013, the European Commission
imposed a fine of €93.8 million on the Danish
pharmaceutical company Lundbeck, plus a
total of €52.2 million on several generic
pharmaceutical producing companies. This
was in response to Lundbeck entering an
agreement with the companies to delay their
sales of generic citalopram after Lundbeck's
patent on the drug had expired, thus reducing
competition in breach of European antitrust
law.
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Eastern epistemology - Pramāṇavāda
1
The two most influential works of this
tradition are Dignāga’s 'Collection on
Valid Cognition' (Pramāṇasamuccaya)
and Dharmakīrti’s 'Commentary on
Valid Cognition' (Pramāṇavārttika).
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Eastern epistemology - Pramāṇavāda
1
Pramāṇavāda epistemology was based
on two central points: that language
and conceptual thought are identical
and that direct perception provides
access to the svalakṣaṇa, which is the
specific attribute or characteristic of a
thing, the 'simple data of experience'.
They also accepted only two forms of
cognition as reliable: perception
(pratyakṣa) and inference (anumāna).
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Buddhahood - Mahāsāṃghika supramundane Buddha
1
48 Of the 48 special theses attributed
by the Samayabhedoparacanacakra to
the Mahāsāṃghika Ekavyāvahārika,
Lokottaravāda, and the Gokulika, 20
points concern the supramundane
nature of buddhas and
bodhisattvas.Sree Padma
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Buddhahood - Mahāsāṃghika supramundane Buddha
A doctrine ascribed to the
Mahāsāṃghikas is, The power of the
tathāgatas is unlimited, and the life of
the buddhas is unlimited.Tanaka,
Kenneth
1
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Buddhahood - Mahāsāṃghika supramundane Buddha
As in Mahāyāna traditions, the
Mahāsāṃghikas held the doctrine of
the existence of many
contemporaneous buddhas throughout
the ten directions.Guang Xing
1
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Escitalopram
Whether escitalopram exhibits
superior therapeutic properties to
citalopram or merely represents an
example of “evergreening” is
controversial.[http://www.independe
nt.co.uk/life-style/health-andfamilies/health-news/nhs-paysmillions-of-pounds-more-than-itneeds-to-for-drugs-2365615.html NHS
pays millions of pounds more than it
needs to for drugs], The Independent
1
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Escitalopram - Medical uses
1
Escitalopram has FDA approval for the
treatment of major depressive
disorder and generalized anxiety
disorder in adults. In European
countries, it is approved for
depression (MDD) and certain anxiety
disorders: general anxiety disorder
(GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD),
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD), and panic disorder with or
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Escitalopram - Depression
1
The most recent of these have concluded
(with caveats in some cases) that
escitalopram is modestly superior to
citalopram in efficacy and/or tolerability.
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Escitalopram - Depression
1
In contrast to these findings, a 2011 review
concluded that all second-generation
antidepressants are equally effective, and
treatment guidelines issued by the
National Institute of Health and Clinical
Excellence and by the American
Pyschiatric Association generally reflect
this viewpoint.
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Escitalopram - Depression
1
The utility of antidepressant drugs in the
treatment of mild-to-moderate depression
is itself controversial. This issue is
discussed in detail in the SSRI article.
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Escitalopram - Anxiety disorder
1
There may be a significant improvement in
GAD symptoms as early as the first week
and the majority of patients respond by
week eight with a significant improvement
in functioning. It also seems effective in
the long-term with relapse on escitalopram
(20%) less than placebo (50%).
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Escitalopram - Anxiety disorder
Escitalopram and
citalopram appear
equally effective in panic
disorder.
1
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Escitalopram - Other
1
Escitalopram as well as other SSRIs are
effective in reducing the symptoms of
premenstrual syndrome, whether taken in
the luteal phase only or continuously.
There is no good data available for
escitalopram for seasonal affective
disorder as of 2011.
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
1
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been
shown to affect sexual functions causing
side effects such as decreased libido,
delayed ejaculation, genital anesthesia,
and
anorgasmia.[http://www.frx.com/pi/lexapro
_pi.pdf Lexapro prescribing information]
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
Similarly, the UK Medicines and
Healthcare products Regulatory
Agency|MHRA data indicate an 80%
increase of suicide-related events, not
reaching statistical significance, in the
escitalopram vs
1
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
1
Escitalopram may help reduce weight in those
treated for binge eating associated obesity.
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
Citalopram and escitalopram are
associated with dose-dependent QT
interval prolongation and should not be
used in those with congenital long QT
syndrome or known pre-existing QT
interval prolongation, or in combination
with other medicines that prolong the QT
interval
1
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
1
*for citalopram, 40mg for adults; 20mg for
patients older than 65 years; and 20mg for
those with hepatic impairment.
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
1
*for escitalopram, 10mg for patients older than
65 years; other doses remain unchanged.
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Escitalopram - Adverse effects
Escitalopram should be taken with
caution when using Saint John's wort.
Exposure to escitalopram is increased
moderately, by about 50%, when it is
taken with omeprazole. The authors of
this study suggested that this increase is
unlikely to be of clinical concern. Caution
should be used when taking cough
medicine containing dextromethorphan
(DXM) as serotonin syndrome, liver
damage, and other negative side effects
have been reported.
1
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Escitalopram - List of adverse effects
'Very common (ref name=pmid18480703ref
name=pmid17596602ref
name=pmid19556032ref name=pmid8953171ref
name= Baselt_2008ref name=pmid15160261ref
name=pmid15695064ref
name=pmid16448580ref name = ESC/ref name
= ESCref name = GG!-- Keep in alphabetical
order and one per line to aid editing --ref
name=url_Citalopram_PBS/ref
name=url_Citalopram_PBSref
name=url_Citalopram_PBS/ref
name=url_Citalopram_PBS/ref
name=url_Citalopram_PBS/ref
name=url_Citalopram_PBS/div col end
1
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Azipramine
'Azipramine' ('TQ-86') is a tetracyclic
antidepressant (TeCA) which was
chemical synthesis|synthesized and
assayed pharmacology|pharmacologically
in animals in 1976, but was never
marketed.
1
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Buddhist logic - Pramana sets as determining traditions of Dharma
1
Most pramanavada of Dharmic Traditions
accept 'perception' (Sanskrit: pratyakṣa)
and 'inference' (Sanskrit: anumāna), for
example, but for some schools of
Sanatana Dharma and Buddhadharma the
'received textual tradition' (Sanskrit:
āgamāḥ) is an epistemological category
equal to perception and inference
(although this is not necessarily true for
some other schools)
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Buddhist logic - Pramana sets as determining traditions of Dharma
Ashvamedha) and
which the
compassionate
Shakyamuni Buddha
countered.
1
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Buddhist logic - Pramana sets as determining traditions of Dharma
1
Thus, in the Sanatana Dharma traditions,
if a claim was made that could not be
substantiated by appeal to the textual
canon, it would be considered as
ridiculous as a claim that the sky was
green and, conversely, a claim which
could not be substantiated via
conventional means might still be justified
through textual reference, differentiating
this from the epistemology of scientific
method|hard science
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Buddhist logic - Pramana sets as determining traditions of Dharma
1
This verse is however taken out of context. In
the Kalama Sutta the Buddha was talking to
non-Buddhists and those were not already
Buddhist disciples. Dhammapala's
commentary on the Nettipakarana says for
there is no other criterion beyond a
text.Nettipakarana, Pali Text Society (1902),
page XI; translation by Nanamoli, The Guide
(1962), Pali Text Society, page xi. The original
reads: na hi pāḷito aññaṃ pamāṇataraṃ atthi,
in which the Pali term pamāṇa is equivalent
to Sanskrit pramāṇa.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer
'Pramoedya Ananta Toer' (Perfected
Spelling System|EYD: 'Pramudya
Ananta Tur') (6 February 1925– 30 April
2006) was an Indonesian author of
novels, short stories, essays, polemic
and histories of his homeland and its
people
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer
1
Pramoedya opposed some policies of
founding President Sukarno as well as
the New Order regime of Suharto,
Sukarno's successor
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years
As it is written in his semiautobiographical collection of short
stories Cerita Dari Blora, his name was
originally Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years
The Nationalist forces loyal to
Sukarno switched their support to the
incoming Allies against Japan; all
indications are that Pramoedya did as
well.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years
In this war, Pramoedya joined a
paramilitary group in Karawang, Kranji
(West Java) and eventually was stationed
in Jakarta
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Post-Independence prominence
1
In the first years after the struggle for
independence, Pramoedya wrote
several works of fiction dealing with
the problems of the newly founded
nation, as well as semiautobiographical works based on his
wartime memoirs
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Post-Independence prominence
In Indonesia, Pramoedya built up a
reputation as a literary and social critic,
joining the left-wing writers' group Lekra
and writing in various newspapers and
literary journals. His writing style became
more politically charged, as evidenced in
his story Korupsi (Corruption), a critical
fiction of a civil servant who falls into the
trap of corruption. This created friction
between him and the government of
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Post-Independence prominence
From the late 1950s, Pramoedya
began teaching literary history at the
left-wing Universitas Res Publica. As
he prepared material, he began to
realise that the study of Indonesian
language and literature had been
distorted by the Dutch colonial
authorities. He sought out materials
that had been ignored by colonial
educational institutions, and which
had continued to be ignored after
independence.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Post-Independence prominence
Having spent time in China, he
became greatly sympathetic to the
Indonesian Chinese over the
persecutions they faced in
postcolonial Indonesia
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto
The Transition to the New
Order|transition to Suharto's New
Order followed, and Pramoedya's
position as the head of People's
Cultural Organisation, a literary wing
of the Indonesian Communist Party,
caused him to be considered a
communist and enemy of the New
Order regime
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto
1
He was banned from writing during
his imprisonment on the island of
Buru, but still managed to compose orally - his best-known series of work
to date, the Buru Quartet, a series of
four historical fiction novels
chronicling the development of
Indonesian nationalism and based in
part on his own experiences growing
up
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto
The quartet includes strong female
characters of Indonesian and Chinese
ethnicity, and address the
discriminations and indignities of living
under colonial rule, the struggle for
personal and national political
independence. Like much of
Pramoedya's work they tell personal
stories and focus on individuals caught
up in the tide of a nation's history.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto
1
With the support of the other prisoners
who took on extra labor to reduce his
workload, Pramoedya was eventually
able to write the novels down, and the
published works derive their name
Buru Quartet from the prison where he
produced them
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto
Pramoedya's works on colonial
Indonesia recognised the importance
of Islam as a vehicle for popular
opposition to the Dutch, but his works
are not overtly religious. He rejected
those who used religion to deny
critical thinking, and on occasion
wrote with considerable negativity to
the religiously pious.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works
Pramoedya was released from
imprisonment in 1979, but remained
under house arrest in Jakarta until
1992
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works
1
Pramoedya made their acquaintance
when he himself was a political prisoner
on the Buru island in the 1970s.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works
1
Pramoedya was hospitalized on April
27, 2006, for complications brought on
by diabetes and heart disease. He was
also a heavy smoker of clove (Kretek)
cigarettes and had endured years of
abuse while in detention. He died on
April 30, 2006 at the age of 81.
Pramoedya earned several accolades,
and was frequently discussed as
Indonesia's and Southeast Asia's best
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works
Pramoedya's writings on Indonesia
address the international and regional
currents caused by political events in
history and how these events flowed
through his homeland and buffeted its
people. Pramoedya also shares a
personal history of hardship and detention
for his efforts of self-expression and the
political aspects of his writings, and
struggled against the censorship of his
work by the leaders of his own people.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*1989 The Fund for
Free Expression
Award, New York,
USA.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*1995 Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Journalism, Literature, and Creative
Communication Arts.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
*1999 Doctor Honoris
Causa from the
University of Michigan.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*1999 Chancellor's Distinguished Honor Award
from the University of California, Berkeley.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
*2000 Chevalier de
l'Ordre des Arts et des
Lettres Republic of
France.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*2000 11th Fukuoka Asian
Culture Prize.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
*2004 Norwegian Authors' Union
award for his contribution to world
literature and his continuous struggle
for the right to freedom of expression.
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*2004 Pablo Neruda
Award, Chile
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards
1
*2005 The 2005 Global Intellectuals
Poll|Global Intellectuals Poll by the
Prospect (magazine)|Prospect.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Major works
1
*Hoakiau di Indonesia
(1960)
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Major works
1
**Bumi Manusia (This
Earth of Mankind)
(1980)
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Major works
**Anak Semua
Bangsa (Child of All
Nations) (1980)
1
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Major works
1
*Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang
Bisu (A Mute's
Soliloquy) (1995)
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Further reading
1
*Citra Manusia Indonesia dalam Karya
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, by A. Teeuw,
Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta, 1997.
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Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Further reading
1
*[http://www.id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoed
ya_Ananta_Toer_dan_Sastra_Realisme_S
osialis Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan Sastra
Realisme Sosialis], by Eka Kurniawan,
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2006.
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Supramolecular complex - Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
1
Supramolecular chemistry, and templatedirected synthesis in particular, is key to
the efficient synthesis of the compounds
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Anti-obesity medication - Pramlintide
Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic
analogue of the hormone Amylin, which
in normal people is secreted by the
pancreas in response to eating
1
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
Not only are salt bridges found in
proteins, but they can also be found in
supramolecular chemistry
1
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Salt bridges found in proteins
1
The salt bridge most often arises from the
anionic carboxylate (RCOO-) of either
aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the
cationic ammonium (RNH3+) from lysine
or the guanidinium (RNHC(NH2)2+) of
arginine
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Methods for quantifying salt bridge
stability
1
The difference in pKa can be quantified to
reflect the salt bridge’s contribution to free
energy. Using Gibbs free energy:
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Methods for quantifying salt bridge stability
1
ΔG= −RTln(Keq), where R is the universal
gas constant, T is the temperature in
kelvins, and Keq is the equilibrium
constant of a reaction in equilibrium
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Methods for quantifying salt bridge stability
1
A word of caution when choosing the
appropriate experiment involves the
location of the salt bridge within the
protein
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Supramolecular chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry is a field
concerned with non-covalent
interactions between macromolecules.
Salt bridges have been used by
chemists within this field in both
diverse and creative ways, including
the synthesis of molecular capsules
and double helical polymers.
1
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Molecular capsules
Molecular capsules are chemical
scaffolds designed to capture and hold a
guest molecule (see Molecular
encapsulation). Szumna and coworkers
developed a novel molecular capsule
with a Chirality (chemistry)|chiral
interior. This capsule is made of two
halves, like a plastic easter egg (Figure
5). Salt bridge interactions between the
two halves cause them to self-assemble
in solution (Figure 6). They are stable
even when heated to 60 °C.
1
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Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) - Double helical polymers
1
Yashima and coworkers have used salt
bridges to construct several polymers
that adopt a double helix
conformation much like DNA
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Metoclopramide
'Metoclopramide' (International
Nonproprietary Name|INN) is a
medication used mostly for stomach
and esophageal problems. It belongs
to the group of medications known as
dopamine-receptor antagonist.
1
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Metoclopramide
1
It is commonly used to treat nausea and
vomiting, to help with gastric
emptying|emptying of the stomach in
people with gastroparesis|delayed
stomach emptying due to either diabetes
mellitus|diabetes or following surgery, and
to help with gastroesophageal reflux
disease. It is also used to treat migraine
headaches.
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Metoclopramide
1
Common side effects include: feeling tired,
diarrhea and feeling restless. More serious
side effects include: movement disorder like
tardive dyskinesia, a condition called
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and
depression. It is thus rarely recommended
that people take the medication for longer
than twelve weeks. It is pregnancy category
B in the United States and category A in
Australia, meaning no evidence of harm has
been found after it being taken by many
pregnant women.
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Metoclopramide
1
In 2012, metoclopramide was one of
the top 100 most prescribed
medications in the United States. It is
on the World Health Organization's
List of Essential Medicines, a list of
the most important medication
needed in a basic health system.
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Metoclopramide - Medical uses
Clinicians commonly use
metoclopramide to treat nausea including that due to chemotherapy
and that occurring postoperatively.
Evidence also supports its use for
gastroparesis (poor stomach
emptying) and gastroesophageal
reflux disease.
1
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Metoclopramide - Antiemetic
Metoclopramide treats nausea and
vomiting associated with conditions such
as uremia, Acute radiation
syndrome|radiation sickness, malignancy,
Childbirth|labor, infection, migraine
headaches, and vomiting|emetogenic
drugs.
1
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Metoclopramide - Antiemetic
1
In the setting of painful conditions such
as migraine headaches,
metoclopramide may be used
paracetamol/metoclopramide|in
combination with paracetamol
(acetaminophen) (available in the UK as
Paramax, and in Australia as Metomax),
or in combination with aspirin
(MigraMax).
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Metoclopramide - Antiemetic
and In young adults and children,
metoclopramide can be given for
severe and long-lasting vomiting if the
cause is known, to stop vomiting
caused by cancer treatment such as
radiotherapy and chemotherapy, to help
in passing a tube into the stomach and
intestine and to help stop feeling and
being sick before having an operation
1
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Metoclopramide - Gastroprokinetic
It is also used in gastroesophageal
reflux disease.METOCLOPRAMIDE
(metoclopramide hydrochloride)
injection, solution [Hospira, Inc.]
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lo
okup.cfm?setid=373ba08b-33ad-49fc28a7-928e89a65314#nlm34089-3
1
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Metoclopramide - Other indications
1
By inhibiting the action of dopamine,
metoclopramide has sometimes been
used to stimulate lactation.
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Metoclopramide - Adverse effects
Rare but serious ADRs associated with
metoclopramide therapy include
agranulocytosis, supraventricular
tachycardia, hyperaldosteronism,
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, akathisia
and tardive dyskinesia.
1
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Metoclopramide - Adverse effects
In 2009, the FDA required all
manufacturers of metoclopramide to
issue a black box warning regarding
the risk of tardive dyskinesia with
chronic or high-dose use of the drug.
1
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Metoclopramide - Adverse effects
Dystonic reactions may be treated with
benzatropine, diphenhydramine,
trihexyphenidyl, or procyclidine. Symptoms
usually subside with benadryl
(diphenhydramine hydrochloride) or
benzatropine injected
intramuscularly.Metoclopramide
(metoclopramide hydrochloride) injection,
solution
1
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Metoclopramide - Adverse effects
[Hospira, Inc.]
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailyme
d/lookup.cfm?setid=373ba08b-33ad49fc-28a7-928e89a65314#nlm34089-3
Agents in the benzodiazepine class of
drugs may be helpful, but benefits are
usually modest and side effects of
sedation and weakness can be
problematic.Olanow C, Schapira AV
1
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Metoclopramide - Adverse effects
In some cases, the akathisia effects of
metoclopramide are directly related to the
infusion rate when the drug is
administered intravenously. Side effects
were usually seen in the first 15 minutes
after the dose of metoclopramide.
1
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Metoclopramide - Cautions
1
Metoclopramide is contraindicated in
pheochromocytoma. It should be used
with caution in Parkinson's disease
since, as a dopamine antagonist, it may
worsen symptoms. Long-term use
should be avoided in patients with
clinical depression, as it may worsen
one's mental state. Also, it is
contraindicated in patients with a
suspected bowel obstruction.
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Metoclopramide - Cautions
Patients with a history of ADHD,
restless legs syndrome,
hyperprolactinaemia, and Parkinson's
disease should be closely monitored
when using dopamine antagonists for
treatment of emesis. Patients who take
antipsychotics are recommended not
to take metoclopramide.
1
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Metoclopramide - Pregnancy
1
Metoclopramide has long been used in all
stages of pregnancy with no evidence of
harm to the mother or unborn baby.
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Metoclopramide - Pregnancy
In the USA, it has been assigned to
pregnancy category B by the US
FDA.http://www.drugs.com/metoclop
ramide.html
1
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Metoclopramide - Pregnancy
1
A large cohort study of babies born to
Israeli women exposed to
metoclopramide during pregnancy
found no evidence that the drug
increases the risk of congenital
disorder|congenital malformations,
birth mass|low birth weight, preterm
birth, or perinatal mortality.
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Metoclopramide - Pregnancy
1
A large cohort study in Denmark
found, in addition, no association
between metoclopramide exposure
and miscarriage.
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Metoclopramide - Infants
A systematic review found a wide
range of reported outcomes for
treatment of gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD) in infants and
concluded a poor rating of evidence
and inconclusive rating of safety and
efficacy for the treatment of GERD in
infants.
1
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
1
Metoclopramide was first described by Dr.
Louis Justin-Besançon and C. Laville in 1964.
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
It appears to bind to dopamine
receptor|dopamine D2 receptors with
nanomolar affinity (Ki 28.8
nM),Prediction of Catalepsies
Induced by Amiodarone, Aprindine
and Procaine: Similarity in
Conformation of Diethylaminoethyl
Side Chain
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content
/287/2/725.full.pdf where it is a
1
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
1
The antiemetic action of metoclopramide
is due to its antagonist activity at D2
receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger
zone in the central nervous system — this
action prevents nausea and vomiting
triggered by most stimuli.
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
1
At higher doses, 5-HT3 antagonist activity may
also contribute to the antiemetic effect.
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
The gastroprokinetic activity of
metoclopramide is mediated by muscarinic
activity, D2 receptor antagonist activity and
5-HT4 receptor agonist activity.
1
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Metoclopramide - Mechanism of action
1
The gastroprokinetic effect itself may
also contribute to the antiemetic
effect. Metoclopramide also
increases the tone of the lower
esophageal sphincter.
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Metoclopramide - Brand names
Metoclopramide is
available world-wide
under various trade
names:
1
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Metoclopramide - Brand names
*Maxolon (Shire
Pharmaceuticals|Shire/Valeant
Pharmaceuticals International|Valeant in
Australia and the UK)
1
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Metoclopramide - Brand names
1
*Clopamon (Aspen
Pharmacare|Aspen,
South Africa)
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Metoclopramide - Brand names
1
*Contromet (Adcock-Ingram,
South Africa)
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Metoclopramide - Brand names
*Reglan (UCB
(company)|Schwarz
Pharma in the USA)
1
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Metoclopramide - Veterinary use
Metoclopramide is also commonly
used to prevent vomiting in cats and
dogs. It is also used as a gut stimulant
in rabbits.
1
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Metoclopramide - Use
1
Metoclopramide is contraindicated in case
of epilepsy, if a stomach operation has
been performed in the previous three or
four days, if the patient has ever had
bleeding, perforation or blockage of the
stomach, in cases of pheochromocytoma,
and in newborn babies.
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DPRAM
1
'Dual-ported RAM' ('DPRAM') is a type of
Random Access Memory that allows
multiple reads or writes to occur at the
same time, or nearly the same time, unlike
single-ported RAM which only allows one
access at a time.
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DPRAM
1
Video RAM or Video RAM|VRAM is a
common form of dual-ported Dynamic
random access memory|dynamic RAM
mostly used for video memory, allowing
the Central processing unit|CPU to draw
the image at the same time the video
hardware is reading it out to the screen.
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DPRAM
1
Apart from VRAM, most other types of
dual-ported RAM are based on Static
Random Access Memory|static RAM
technology.
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DPRAM
1
Most CPUs implement the processor
registers as a small dual-ported or
multi-ported RAM (see register
file|Register File).
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2G spectrum scam - Pramod Mahajan
1
CBI decided to include the name of late
Pramod Mahajan in a separate column of
the charge sheet to be filed by it soon
against three cellular companies and
former officials in connection with alleged
irregularities in spectrum allocation during
NDA regime causing a loss of Rs
5.08billion to the exchequer.
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Prambanan
The temple compound is located
approximately northeast of the city of
Yogyakarta on the boundary between
Central Java and Special Region of
Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta
provinces.[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list
/642 Prambanan Temple Compounds –
UNESCO World Heritage Centre]
1
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Prambanan
1
It is characterized by its tall and pointed
architecture, typical of Hindu temple
architecture, and by the towering central
building inside a large complex of
individual
temples.http://www.borobudurpark.co.id/pr
ambanan-temple-complex.html
Prambanan attracts many visitors from
across the world.[http://www.indonesiatourism.com/yogyakarta/prambanantemple.html Prambanan Temple]
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Prambanan - Etymology
1
It is also possible Prambanan comes from
Javanese root '(e)mban' which means
carries a duty, reflecting gods role in the
world, or the villagers duty in relation to
the temple
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Prambanan - Construction
1
Historians suggest that the construction of
Prambanan probably was meant to mark
the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to
power in Central Java after almost a
century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty
domination
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Prambanan - Construction
The river, identified as the Opak
River, now runs north to south on the
western side of the Prambanan temple
compound
1
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Prambanan - Construction
1
Some archaeologists propose that the
statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha
(central chamber) of the main temple
was modelled after Balitung|King
Balitung, serving as a depiction of his
deified self after death.Soetarno, Drs.
R. second edition (2002). Aneka Candi
Kuno di Indonesia (Ancient Temples in
Indonesia), pp. 16. Dahara Prize.
Semarang. ISBN 979-501-098-0.
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Prambanan - Construction
1
The urban center and the court of Mataram
were located nearby, somewhere in the
Prambanan Plain.
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Prambanan - Abandonment
1
In the 930s, the court was shifted to East
Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the
Isyana Dynasty. An eruption of Mount
Merapi volcano, located north of
Prambanan in central Java, or a power
struggle probably caused the shift. That
marked the beginning of the decline of the
temple. It was soon abandoned and began
to deteriorate.
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Prambanan - Abandonment
The temples
collapsed during a
major earthquake in
the 16th century
1
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Prambanan - Rediscovery
1
They gave Prambanan and Sewu a
wondorous origin; these were said in
the Rara Jonggrang (legend)|Loro
Jonggrang legend to have been
created by a multitude of demons
under the order of Bandung
Bondowoso.
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Prambanan - Rediscovery
The temple attracted international
attention in early 19th century. In 1811
during Britain’s short-lived rule of the
Dutch East Indies, Colin Mackenzie, a
surveyor in the service of Sir Thomas
Stamford Raffles, came upon the temples
by chance. Although Sir Thomas
subsequently commissioned a full survey
of the ruins, they remained neglected for
decades. Dutch residents carried off
1
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Prambanan - Rediscovery
1
Half-hearted excavations by
archaeologists in the 1880s
facilitated looting
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
Prambanan is one of
the most visited tourist
attraction in Indonesia.
1
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
1
The Trimurti open-air and indoor stages
on the west side of the temple, across
the Opak River, were built to stage the
ballet of the traditional Ramayana epic.
This traditional Javanese dance is the
centuries old dance of the Javanese
court. Since the 1960s, it has been
performed every full moon night in the
Prambanan temple. Since then,
Prambanan has become one of the
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
Balinese and Javanese Hindu
communities in Yogyakarta and Central
Java revived their practices of annually
performing their sacred ceremonies in
Prambanan, such as Galungan, Tawur
Kesanga, and
Nyepi.[http://fotokita.net/browse/photo/521
224606164_4362834/tag/8/perayaan
Nyepi di
Prambanan][http://berita.liputan6.com/sos
1
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
The temple was
damaged during the
May 2006 Java
earthquake
1
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
There is great interest in the site. In
2008, 856,029 Indonesian visitors and
114,951 foreign visitors visited
Prambanan. In 6 January 2009 the
reconstruction of Nandi temple
finished.[http://www.yogyakartaonline.
com/index.php?option=com_contentvie
w=articleid=188:candicatid=74Itemid=1
70 Yogyakarta Online Candi Nandi
Selesai Dipugar ] As of 2009, the interior
of most of the temples remains off-limits
for safety reasons.
1
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
1
Four years earlier, Prambanan was
spared from Merapi volcanic ash and
eruption in 2010 since the wind and
ashfall were directed westward and
affected Borobudur instead.
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Prambanan - Contemporary events
The proposed area is located in
Prambanan Plain measured 30 square
kilometers spanned across Sleman
Regency|Sleman and Klaten Regency,
which includes major temples in the
area such as Prambanan, Ratu Boko,
Kalasan, Sari and Plaosan temples
1
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Prambanan - The temple compound
1
: This information does not take account
of damage caused by the May 2006 Java
earthquake|2006 Java earthquake
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Prambanan - The temple compound
1
Originally there were a total of '240'
temples standing in Prambanan. The
Prambanan Temple Compound
consist of:
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Prambanan - The temple compound
1
# '3 Trimurti temples': three main temples
dedicated to Shiva, Visnu, and Brahma
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Prambanan - The temple compound
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# '3 Vahana temples': three temples in
front of Trimurti temples dedicated to
the vahana of each gods; Nandi,
Garuda, and Hamsa
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Prambanan - The temple compound
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# '2 Apit temples': two temples located
between the rows of Trimurti and
Vahana temples on north and south
side
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Prambanan - The temple compound
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# '4 Kelir temples': four small shrines
located on 4 cardinal directions right
beyond the 4 main gates of inner zone
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Prambanan - The temple compound
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# '4 Patok temples': four small
shrines located on 4 corners of
inner zone
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Prambanan - The temple compound
# '224 Pervara temples': hundreds of
temples arranged in 4 concentric square
rows; numbers of temples from inner row
to outer row are: 44, 52, 60, and 68
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Prambanan - The temple compound
The Prambanan temple complex
consists of three zones; first the outer
zone, second the middle zone that
contains hundreds of small temples,
and third the holiest inner zone that
contains eight main temples and eight
small shrines.
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Prambanan - The temple compound
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The Hindu temple complex at Prambanan
is based on a square plan that contains a
total of three zone yards, each of which is
surrounded by four walls pierced by four
large gates
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Prambanan - Shiva temple
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The inner zone or central compound is
the holiest among the three zones. Its
the square elevated platform
surrounded by square stone wall with
stone gates on each four cardinal
points. This holiest compound is
assembled of eight main shrines or
Candi of Indonesia|candi. The three
main shrines, called Trimurti (three
forms), are dedicated to the three
Gods: Brahma (god)|Brahma the
Creator, Vishnu the Keeper, and Shiva
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Prambanan - Shiva temple
The Shiva temple is the tallest and
largest structure in Prambanan Loro
Jonggrang complex, it measures 47
metres tall and 34 metres wide. The
Shiva temple encircled with galleries
adorned with bas-reliefs telling the story
of Ramayana carved on the inner walls
of the balustrades. To follow the story
accordingly, visitors must enter from the
east side and began to perform
pradakshina or
circumambulation|circumambulating
clockwise. The bas-reliefs of Ramayana
continued to Brahma temple galleries.
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Prambanan - Shiva temple
The east chamber connect to central
chamber that houses the largest temple
in Prambanan, a three meter high
statue of Shiva|Shiva Mahadeva (the
Supreme God)
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Prambanan - Shiva temple
The other three smaller chambers contain
statues of Hindu Gods related to Shiva; his
consort Durga, the rishi Agastya, and
Ganesha, his son. Statue of Agastya occupy
the south chamber, the west chamber houses
the statue of Ganesha, while the north
chamber contains the statue of Durga
Mahisasuramardini depicting Durga as the
slayer of Bull demon. The shrine of Durga is
also called the temple of Rara Jonggrang
(Javanese: slender virgin), after a Javanese
legend of princess Rara Jonggrang.
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Prambanan - Brahma and Vishnu temples
The two other main shrines are that of
Vishnu on the north side of Shiva shrine,
and the one of Brahma on the south. Both
temple facing east and each contain only
one large chamber, each dedicated to
respected gods; Brahma temple contains
the statue of Brahma and Vishnu temple
houses the statue of Vishnu. Brahma and
Vishnu temple measures 20 metres wide
and 33 metres tall.
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Prambanan - Vahana temples
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The other three shrine in front of three
main temples is dedicated to vehicle
(vahana) of the respective gods – the
bull Nandi (bull)|Nandi for Shiva, the
sacred swan Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa for
Brahma, and Vishnu's Kite Garuda
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