Transcript Anatomy and physiology 2420 Lecture I

Anatomy and physiology
2211K
Lecture 1
Slide 2 – Endocrine system
Slide 3 – Types of hormones
Slide 4 – Amplitude modulated signals
• The rate of hormone
released is based
upon the increase or
decrease of the
concentration of
hormones or other
regulated substances
(e.g. glucose etc.) in
the body fluids.
• Subsequently, the
higher the hormone
(or other substances)
concentration the
higher the response.
Slide 5 – Frequency modulated signals
•
Unlike the endocrine
system, the concentration
of chemical released by
the neurons does not
increase or decrease only
the frequency (how many
times does the nerves
transmit a signal) of the
nervous signals increase
or decrease.
Slide 6 - Neurohormones
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Slide 7 – Autocrine signals
Slide 8 – Paracrine signals
Slide 9 – Hormone secretions
Slide 10 – Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Slide 11 - Pheromones
Slide 12 – Hormone receptors I
Slide 13 – Intracellular Receptor Model - steroids
Slide 14 – (a) Membrane bounded receptors and (b) intracellular receptors
Slide 15 – G-protein – general information
Slide 16 - G Proteins and Synthesis of cAMP – the example shown in the liver
Slide 17 – Water soluble (non-steroid and prostaglandin) hormone function overview
Slide 18 – Cyclic AMP (cAMP) a secondary messenger formation overview
Slide 17 – Cascade effect of G-protein
Slide 18 - Ligand and receptor protein – phosphoylation of proteins
Slide 19 - G Proteins and Ca2+ Channels – example shown in striated muscles I
Slide 20 – Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins
Arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce inflammatory
mediators from leukocytes or damaged tissues. Many current
anti-inflammatory and pain medications are designed to inhibit
some part of the arachidonic acid pathway
Slide 27 - Actions of a substance other than a hormone on the endocrine glands
Slide 28 - Actions of nerve cells in control of an endocrine glands
Slide 29 - Action of one endocrine gland hormone secretion on another endocrine gland’s secretion
Slide 21 - Down and Up-Regulation
Slide 22 – Hormone regulation
Slide 23 – Positive feedback systems
Slide 24 – Free hormone and its distribution
Slide 25 – Bounded hormones
Slide 30 – Anatomy
Slide 31 – Posterior and anterior pituitary gland
Slide 32 – Posterior pituitary
Slide 33 – Anterior pituitary gland
Slide 34 – Anterior pituitary - growth hormone
Slide 35 - Gigantism
Slide 36 - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1)
MEN-1 is genetic disorder
which one or more of the
endocrine glands have too
much tissue or form a tumor
Endocrine glands include the
parathyroid, pancreas,
pituitary, adrenals, or thyroid
could possibly be affected
Currently, treatment options
include surgical removal of
the tumor, drug therapy, and
radiation therapy of the
pituitary
Slide 37 - McCune-Albright syndrome
McCune-Albright syndrome is caused by mosaic
mutations (not all the DNA in all the cells are
mutated) in the DNA. This disease is not inherited
This condition is marked by the premature puberty
in girls - Menstrual periods may begin before 8
years of age (prior to the appearance of breast or
pubic hair development)
In boys the early maturation of the testicles prior to
9 years of age
Children with McCune-Albright syndrome have
abnormal fibrous dysplasia (scar-like tissue) in the
bone that can lead to fractures and deformities
Abnormal bone growth in the skull can lead to
blindness or deafness due to "pinched" nerves
In addition, the children have cafe-au-lait spots
(blueish gray patches of skin) generally on their
backs
Currently, treatment options include surgical
removal of the tumor, drug therapy, and radiation
therapy of the pituitary
Slide 38 - Neurofibromatosis
Slide 39 - Acromegaly
Slide 40 – FSH and LH
Slide 41 – Other anterior pituitary hormones
Slide 42 – beta-endorphins
Slide 42 – Tropic hormone - prolactin
Slide 43 – Tropic hormones – thyroid stimulating hormone
Slide 44 – Tropic hormones - ACTH
Slide 45 – Pars intermedia - melanocyte stimulating hormone
Slide 46 – Posterior pituitary hormone – Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
Slide 49 – Nephron of the kidneys
Slide 47 – posterior pituitary hormone - oxytocin
Slide 48 – Thyroid gland
Slide 49 – Synthesis of T3 and T4
Slide 50 – Regulation of T3 and T4
Slide 51 – Cretinism
Slide 52 - Hyperthyroidism
Slide 53 - Hypothyroidism
Slide 54 – Parafollicular cells
Slide 57: Calcium regulation
Slide 55 – Parathyroid gland
Slide 56 – Parathyroid hormone regulation of calcium
Slide 56 – Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone
Slide 57 – Adrenal gland (adrenal cortex)
Slide 58 – Hormones of the adrenal cortex
Slide 62 – Regulation of cortisol secretion
Slide 59 – Adrenal medulla
Slide 61 – Regulation of adrenal medulla via autonomic nervous system
Slide 60 – Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Slide 61 - Pancreas
Slide 62 – Property of the pancreas
Slide 63 – Alpha and beta cells
Slide 65 – Regulation of blood sugar levels via insulin
Slide 64 – Glucagon and insulin
Slide 65 - Pineal body
Slide 66 – Thymus gland
Slide 67 – Female reproductive tract
Slide 68 – Menstrual cycle
Menses
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Menses
Slide 69 - PMS
Slide 70 – Male reproductive tract
Slide 71 – Gastrin and stomach
Slide 72 – Cholecystookinin, secretin and the small intestines
Slide 80 – Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Slide 73 – Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Slide 74 – erythropoietin and the kidneys