Transcript hormone 1
Title CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System 1.Endocrine glands 2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland 3.Thyroid and parathyroid glands 4.Adrenal glands 5.Pancreas 6.Other endocrine glands 7.Homeostasis Endocrine system Nervous system Immune system Signal transduction systems in multicellular organisms 15.1 Endocrine glands Fig. 15.1 The action of neurotransmitter differs from that of a hormone. Common points: to use chemical signals (and the receptors) and maintain homeostasis. Different points: structural transmitter method speed components substances Nervous system neurons neurotransmitters axons & synapses rapid hormones blood streams slow Endocrine system glands liver cell liver insulin Portal vein axon of nerve fiber b. Reception of insulin, a hormone pancreas arteriole vesicle axon terminal neurotransmitters a. Reception of a neurotransmitter 心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓 心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓 門脈 腸管動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→肝静脈→下大静脈 Fig. 15.2 The endocrine system ( classical ) Hypothalamus 視床下部 Pituitary Gland Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Recently identified endocrine systems vessels (artery) 血管 heart 心臓 fat tissue 脂肪組織 stomach 胃 Parathyroids 下垂体（前葉、後葉） 副甲状腺 parathyroid glands (posterior surface of thyroid) Thymus 胸腺 Thyroid 甲状腺 Pancreas 膵臓 Adrenal Gland Adrenal cortex 副腎 副腎皮質 Gonads Testes Ovaries 性腺（精巣、卵巣） testis (male) ovary (female) Table 15.1 松果体 Hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine system Hypothalamus Releasing: Inhibiting: Pituitary posterior pituitary hormoneproducing cells* Hypothalamic hormone-producing cells CRH ACTH producing cells TRH GnRH (=LHRH) GHRH GHIH (Somatostatin) (PRF) PIH TSH LH/FSH GH PRL producing cells producing cells producing cells producing cells ADH #not Lower endocrine systems OT included in posterior pituitary hormones Aderenal cortex Thyroid Gonads cortisol T3,T4 sex hormones IGF-1 sex organ etc bone etc whole body whole body Liver Whole body Mammary gland Exocrine versus Endocrine (p334) Differences: with/without duct(s), cell polarity 膵内分泌 Duct(s) Negative feedback (p335) Fig. 15.7 Negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system. hypothalamus releasing hormone (hormone 1) TRH 甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン TSH-releasing hormone anterior pituitary stimulating hormone (hormone 2) TSH 甲状腺刺激ホルモン Thyroid stimulating hormone target gland Thyrotropin target gland hormone (hormone 3) Thyroxine, triiodothyronine 甲状腺ホルモン Thyroid hormone feedback inhibits release of hormone 1 TRH feedback inhibits release of hormone 2 TSH Receptors (p336) Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells. androgen receptors XY nontarget cell receptors target cells androgen hormone XY capillary normal：男性への性の分化 Androgen insensitivity (p336) Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells. XY target cells without the receptor XY androgen capillary receptor abnormality： 男性への性の分化異常 ↓ 女性型 Local hormones (p336) e.g., prostaglandins and growth factors. Prostaglandins are produced, but not carried elsewhere in the bloodstream. endocrine paracrine autocrine The Action of Hormones (p337) Peptide hormones ペプチドホルモン インスリン Steroid hormones ステロイドホルモン アルドステロン Amino acid-derived hormones アミノ酸誘導体ホルモン アドレナリン Fig. 15.4 Action of a peptide hormone. capillary 1. Hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane. peptide hormone (first messenger) activated receptor protein enzyme 親水性ホルモン ↓ 膜受容体 2. Binding leads to activation of an enzyme that changes ATP to cyclic AMP. cAMP plasma membrane ATP (second messenger) 3. cAMP activates an enzyme cascade. 4. Many molecules of glycogen are broken down to glucose, which enters the bloodstream. glucose (leaves cell and goes to blood) glycogen Fig. 15.5 Action of a steroid hormone and amino acid-derived hormones. steroid hormone 1. Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane because it is lipid soluble. plasma membrane cytoplasm 脂溶性ホルモン ↓ 核（細胞質）受容体 ＝転写因子 nucleus 2. Hormone binds to receptor inside nucleus. protein DNA receptor protein mRNA 3. Hormone-receptor complex activates gene and synthesis of a specific mRNA molecule follows. ribosome mRNA 4. mRNA moves to ribosomes, and protein synthesis occurs. 夏休みに分子生物学を体験してみませんか？ ゲノムを抽出する。 プラスミドを扱う。 RNAを抽出する。 制限酵素で遺伝子を切ってみる。 PCRで遺伝子を増幅してみる。 ・ 5日コース 8月18-22、25-29日 興味があれば、原研分子医学・永山まで （[email protected]） 〆切：7月４日 百聞は一見に如かず Seeing is believing 百見は一触に如かず Experiencing is believing ↓ 2年生になったら、1年生を指導