Transcript The Endocrine System - UBC Psychology`s Research Labs

Psychology 304:
Brain and Behaviour
Lecture 16
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Exam Preparation Tips
• The exam will include questions unique to the textbook
content (~10-15%), questions unique to the lecture
content (~20-25%), and questions that reflect overlap
between the two sources of information. You are
encouraged to study both sources of information
thoroughly.
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• With respect to the textbook content:
 Create questions with the title and subtitles of each
section. Use the content of each section to answer
the questions that you have generated.
 Identify the primary points of each section with key
words or phrases and use these to test yourself.
 Familiarize yourself with all terms that are bolded or
italicized.
 Study figures and tables.
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• With respect to the lecture content:
 Use the learning objectives to guide your studying.
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• The goal of the exam is to assess your mastery of
the course content and “jargon” of behavioural
neuroscience.
• In order to demonstrate your mastery of the course
content on the short answer questions, you should
provide thorough and detailed responses. The
instructions for the short answer section will read:
“Please respond to each of the questions below. Note
that point form answers are acceptable. Your
responses should be thorough and detailed. If
necessary, you may write on the back side of the page.”
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• You should familiarize yourself with the functions of
brain structures and the cranial nerves. Note that you
will not be asked to label the locations of the cranial
and spinal nerves.
• The exam questions will assess your ability to recall,
synthesize, and apply course content. Examples:
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 Recall:
The cranial nerve that controls the movement of the
tongue muscles is the:
(a) vagus nerve.
(b) abducens nerve.
(c) trigeminal nerve.
(d) hypoglossal nerve.
(e) trochlear nerve.
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 Synthesize:
Research has demonstrated that epilepsy is
associated with excessive neuronal excitation.
Accordingly, epilepsy may be treated by inhibiting the
excitation or “firing” of neurons. Which of the following
would be most effective in reducing neuronal firing
among individuals with epilepsy?
(a) A calcium (Ca2+) agonist.
(b) A calcium (Ca2+) antagonist.
(c) A glutamate agonist.
(d) A GABA antagonist.
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 Apply:
You are a biological psychologist who has discovered
a new brain structure. The structure contains a small
cluster of nuclei and is situated beneath the
hypothalamus. You are interested in determining the
function(s) of this structure. Identify two techniques
that you would use to determine the function(s) of this
structure. Limit your response to techniques for
determining function discussed in class or in the
textbook. In your response, describe the procedure
associated with each technique.
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• In order to correctly respond to questions that require
synthesis and application, recall of information is
necessary. The correlation between recall questions
and synthesis/application questions typically
exceeds .70.
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Announcement
I will hold additional office hours in preparation for the
midterm exam:
Monday, October 17: 3:30 - 4:30
Wednesday, October 19: 3:30 - 5:00
Thursday, October 20: 11:30 - 12:30
Monday, October 24: 12:00-1:00
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From last class ….
• Agonists and antagonists may influence synaptic
transmission in a number of ways:
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Mechanisms of Agonist and Antagonist Drug Effects
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The Endocrine System
1. What is the endocrine system?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. distinguish between neural transmission and hormonal
transmission.
2. identify the major glands of the endocrine system.
3. describe the functional features of the posterior
pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland.
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What is the endocrine system?
• Composed of a series of glands that allow for relatively
diffuse chemical communication throughout the body.
• Involves the release of chemical transmitters referred to
as hormones into the bloodstream.
• Like neurotransmitters, hormones bind to receptors of
target cells.
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Major Endocrine Glands
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• The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland
because most of its hormones are tropic hormones
(i.e., hormones that influence the release of hormones
from other glands).
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Anterior
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
The Pituitary Gland
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• The pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus.
Posterior pituitary: Hormones synthesized in
hypothalamic cells are transported down axons to
terminals in the posterior pituitary. These hormones are
released into the bloodstream upon the arrival of an
action potential.
Two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary:
Oxytocin and vasopressin
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The Pituitary Gland
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Anterior pituitary: Releasing hormones from the
hypothalamus stimulate the release of tropic hormones
from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are released
into the bloodstream, where they are able to regulate the
activity of other endocrine organs.
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Control of the Pituitary Gland by the Hypothalamus
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Among the hormones that are released from the
anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroidstimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone,
luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone.
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The Endocrine System
1. What is the endocrine system?
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