BN22 hormonal control
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Transcript BN22 hormonal control
Hormonal Control
of Behavior
Lecture 22
Chemical Control of Brain
Point-to-point control
closed-circuit
synapse
fast, short-lived, local ~
Chemical Control of Brain
Diffuse control
widespread control
slower, longer lasting
Diffuse modulatory systems
Neuroendocrine system ~
Hormones & Behavior?
Responses to a changing environment
detect stimulus make response
Effectors
muscles
glands
Autonomic N.S.
Homeostasis ~
2 Types of Glands
Exocrine
ducts
sweat, tears, etc.
Endocrine
ductless
hormones
released into blood ~
Neurohormones
Interact with nervous system
Chemical message
Neurotransmitters (NTs)
Hormones
Pheromones
What’s the difference? ~
Neurohormones
Similarities
chemical messengers
act at receptors
influence behavior
Differences
medium
distance traveled
time course ~
Neurohormone Properties
Neurons release molecules into blood
Long distances
Slower
Longer lasting effects
Widespread ~
Function
Developmental
sex differentiation
testosterone, estradiol
Regulatory
Insulin, CCK, etc.
Vasopressin, Oxytocin ~
Types of Neurohormones
Amino acid-derived hormones
e.g. epinephrine
released from adrenal medulla
Protein & Peptide Hormones
Bind to membrane receptors
Activate the 2nd messenger system ~
Types of Neurohormones
Steroid Hormones
Derived from cholesterol
Soluble in lipids
Bind to cytoplasmic receptors
regulates gene expression
e.g. sex hormones ~
Neuroendocrine System
Brain
Hypothalamus
Releasing Hormones
Pituitary gland
Anterior: tropic hormones
Posterior: neurohormones
Glands - Hormones ~
Pituitary Gland
2 parts
different developmental origins
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
no axons from hypothalamus
parvocellular neurosecretory cells
portal system
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
axons from hypothalamus
magnocellular secretory cells ~
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Stalk
Pituitary
hypophysis
G
Anterior PituitaryAdenohypophysis
Posterior PituitaryNeurohypophysis
Supraoptic
nucleus
PVN
Posterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary: Neurohormones
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells
Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei
Neurons fire Neurohormones released
Transported down axons
to posterior pituitary
Peptide Neurohormones
Oxytocin
Vasopressin ~
Oxytocin
Induces uterine contractions
child birth
orgasm during sex
Triggers lactation
“letdown reflex”
triggered by touch, sight, sound ~
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
AKA: Vasopressin
Responds to blood pressure
Induces vasoconstriction
Promotes water retention
Kidney: Renin release
Angiotensin I Angiotensin II
to kidneys & subfornical organ ~
Subfornical Organ
Subfornical organ - SFO
Dorsal 3d ventricle
lacks blood-brain barrier
A II receptors
Output to
Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
ADH release
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
thirst drinking behavior ~
SFO
Hypothalamus
PVN & SON
A II
LH
ADH
Thirst
Kidneys
ADH (Vasopressin)
Alcohol suppresses ADH release
Damage diabetes insipidus
Symptoms
• copius urination
• intense thirst ~
Anterior Hypothalamus
Primordial tissue from roof of mouth
No axons from hypothalamus
Parvocellular neurosecretory cells
Releasing hormones
triggers release of tropic hormones
Tropic hormones various glands
gonads
mammary
adrenal
thyroid ~
Hypothalamopituitary Portal System
Portal Systems
Capillary beds
Connected by a vein
e.g. hepatic portal vein
Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary ~
PVN
RH
G
PVN
TH
RH
TH
G
TH
TH
TH
Cortisol Regulation
Adrenal glands
medulla: NE & E
cortex: cortisol
Regulation of cortisol
steroid
fight/flight & immunosuppression
stress response
Receptors widely distributed ~
Cortisol Regulation
Hypothalamus
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol
Negative feedback to hypothalamus
cortisol inhibits own release ~
Sex Hormones
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GRH
isolated from pig hypothalami
Anterior Pituitary
Gonadotropins
• Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH
• Lutenizing hormone - LH ~
Gonadotropins: Target Cells
Gonads
Testes Androgens -Testosterone
Ovaries Estrogens
Estradiol and Progesterone ~
Gonadotropin Release Patterns
Sex differences
FSH & LH both sexes
Males steady
Females
cyclical
Transplant male pituitary into female? ~