Human Growth Hormone
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Transcript Human Growth Hormone
Human Growth Hormone
CHEE450
By Leslie Davis
Human Growth Hormone
Simulates linear growth in humans
Effects on the growth plates of the long
bones
Increased cell growth
Increased protein, carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism
Human Growth Hormone
Generally used to treat those with GHdeficiencies
Beneficial effects: burns, bone fractures
and Turner’s syndrome
Shown promise in treating chemotherapy and
AIDS
Increases body mass
Human Growth Hormone
Polypeptide
191 amino acid residues
MW = 22125 daltons
Highly hydrophobic proteins
Historical Perspective
Isolated hGH in human pituitary 1956
Proof of effectiveness 1958
Obtained from human pituitary gland only
Urgent need to obtain human pituitary glands at
autopsy
High cost
Cloned from human gene in 1980s
Recombinant DNA Synthesis of hGH
Cloning of human DNA
Adapting of the cloned gene for
expression in Escherichia coli
E. coli did not have the biochemical
machinery
84 base pairs of ds DNA synthesized for direct
expression
Cloning of the gene
How it works
Chemical messenger
produced by the
pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
Promotes growth during
childhood
Plays important
metabolic role
throughout adulthood
Production Process
Fermentation
Highly reproducible
Intracellular
E. coli W3110 with a pB322-derived plasmid
coding
Antibiotic resistance of genetically modified E.
coli strain
Typically tetracycline and ampicillin resistant
Production Process
Glucose and mineral salt medium
Exponentially growing cells in batch mode
Transferred from seed fermentor to production
bioreactor
10% of final volume
High cell density fermentation
Production Process
Fed-batch bioreactor
Glucose feed ~ 500-600 g/L
May use peptone for amino acid source
Temperature – near maximum tolerance of E.
coli
Agitation generally ranges 1000-1500 rpm
Slightly positive pressure
Production Process
Purification
Cell disruption
Microfiltration
Chromatographic methods
Genentech adapted anion exchange
chromatography and gel filtration technology
(early 80s)
Production Process
Issues with scale up
Mass transfer through high density cells
Oxygen
Glucose feed
Inhibitory ion formation
Acetate and formate
Final Product
White lyophilized powder
Low oral bioavailability (<1%)
Intended for intravenous, subcutaneous or
intramuscular administration
Sold in vials or cartridges containing
4 - 24 mg of somatropin
Preservatives
Water for injection
Final Product
Approximately 28 day shelf life
Oxygen Sensitive
Must be refrigerated
Improve the solubility, sodium dodecyl
sulfate (extremely surface active) or
denaturing agents - urea and guanidine
hydrochloride
Market
U.S. Manufacturers
Genotropin by Pharmacia & Upjohn Company,
Humatrope by Eli Lilly, Norditropin by Novo
Nordisk, Saizen and Serostim by Serono
Laboratories, Nutropin by Genentech
Market
Costs: $75 to $200 per week
World-wide sales of $1.6 billion
Approximately 20,000 U.S. children taking
drug
Prescribed for non-GH-deficient children if
(U.S.)
<3SD below mean for age category
<25% growth velocity
Discussion
Psychological issues
Cultural “heightism”
Increased metabolism,
reduced fat, anti-aging, gain
strength
Articles
References
Human Growth Hormone, edited by Salcatore Raiti and
Robert A. Tolman, 1986
Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical Practice,
edited by Roy G. Smith and Michael O. Thorner
Influence of Scale-Up on the Quality of Recombinant
Human Growth Hormone, Bylund, Castan, Mikkola, Veide
and Larsson
Modelling the effects of Glucose Feeding on a recombinant
E. coli Fermentation, Cockshott and Bogle
Further Studies Related to the Scale-up of High Cell Density
Escherichia coli Fed-Batch Fermentations: The Additional
Effect of a Changing Microenvironment When Using
Aqueous Ammonia to Control pH
References
http://pi.lilly.com/us/humatrope-pi.pdf
http://www.hghnews.us/p/91.html
http://www.hghhumangrowthhormone.com/hgh_human_growth
_hormone_sitemap/hgh_manufacturer.html
http://www.novonordisk.com/therapy_areas/grow
th_hormone_therapy/default.asp
http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/
http://www.genotropin.com/patients/growth_disor
ders/index.asp