Transcript Other Feed Additives

Feed Additives
ANS 336
Lecture 7
2/02/2001
Feed Additives - Defined
• As ingredients or combinations of
ingredients added to the basic feed mix or
parts thereof to fulfill a specific need.
• Usually used in micro quantities and
requires careful handling and mixing.
Feed Additives- Cont’d
• Many classified as a drug.
• A substance,
– Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure
mitigation and treatment or prevention of
diseases in animals.
– Other than food intended to affect the structure
or any function of the body of an animal.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Center for Veterinary Medicine
• Regulates use of Feed additives
• Clearance for testing of new feed additives
requires obtaining an investigational new
animal drug (INAD) to test a product.
• New animal drug Application( NADA) is
required to market a product.
• Clearance IS required to use feed additives.
FDA
• Form 1900 required for human risk drugs.
• Category I – safest to use, no withdrawal
period required.
• Category II – no residues allowed,
withdrawal period required.
Delaney Clause - 1958
• Congress passed the Delaney Clause in
1958 – Zero Tolerance.
• No substance can be used as a feed additive,
even in minute amounts, if it has been in
any way implicated as an inducer of cancer
in either human or beast.
Examples of Feed Additives
• Antibiotics
– Compound produced by microorganisms that
inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
– Examples of claims that can be listed on label.
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Improves performance (rate of gain).
Improves feed efficiency or feed conversion.
Increases growth rate.
Increases milk production.
Examples of Feed Additives –
cont’d
• Arsenicals
– Controls parasites
• Nitrogurans
– Antimicrobial compound that is produced more
by a microorganism.
• Sulfas
– Antimicrobials
– Residue problems, usage has been decreased.
Additives
Hormone like products
• Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
– When fed to heifers to suppresses estrus
– When fed to regulated estrus cycle.
• Implants
– Ralgro
– Synovex
• Somatotropin (rBST)
– Increases milk production
– Improves fertility ?
Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency
• In general, Antibiotics are fed to reduce the
incidence of Subclinical levels of bacterial
infections of the digestive and respiratory
tracts - thus credited with improved rate of
gain and feed efficiency. Partial list…….
– Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline,
Erythromycin
– Lasalocid, Monensin, Penicillin
Growth Promoting
• Chemotherapeutic
– An inorganic or organic compound that inhibits
the growth of organisms but is not produced by
a living organism.
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Arsanilic acid – chicken and swine
Carbadox - swine
Ipronidazole - turkey
Roxarsone – turkey and chicken
Medicinal Uses
• Coccidiostats
– Prevent and treat Coccidiosis – Chickens and
Calves.
– Monensin - cattle, chickens and turkey
– Lasalocid – chickens, sheep turkeys
– Amprolium cattle - chickens and turkeys
• Histostats
– For protozoan disease affecting turkey – High
mortality less than 12 weeks of age.
– Nitarsone
Medicinal Uses – cont’d
• Enteritis, Diarrhea, Dysentery
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Carbadox – swine
Chlortetracycline – cattle, swine and chickens
Roxarsone – swine
Oxytetracycline – cattle, sheep, swine, chickens
Penicillin – chickens and turkeys
Arsanilic Acid - swine
Medicinal Uses – cont’d
• Antelmintic (worming) Agents
– Fenbendazole (Safe-Guard) – swine and cattle
– Invermectrin (Ivomec) – swine cattle
– Levamisole hydrochloride(Tramisol) - cattle
and swine
– Tumatel – cattle
– Thiabendazole (TBZ) – cattle, sheep, swine
Misc. functions of Feed Additives
• Enterotoxemia (overeating) disease in
Sheep
– Tetracyclines.
• Fly control
– Methoprene – cattle
– Rabon – cattle, horse, sheep and swine
• Bloat
– Poloxalene
Medicinal Uses cont’d
• Ketosis
– Propylene glycol dairy cattle
• Foot rot
– Chlortetracycline
• Stress
– Tetracyclines – cattle, chicken, turkey
– Erythromycin - chickens
Other Feed Additives
• Buffers
– Chemical compounds that lessen the decrease
in pH caused by volatile fatty acid without
causing any major increase in ruminal pH.
• pH = negative log10 of the hydrogen [ ],
expressed in moles per liter.
– Scale where 7 is neutral and anything below is
acid and anything above is alkaline.
Other Feed Additives cont’d
• Buffers cont’d
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Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium oxide
Sodium Bentonite
Lime – Feeding lime
Other Feed Additives
• Antioxidants – compounds that prevent rancidity
of unsaturated fats.
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Ethoxyquin
Vitamin E
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
• Chemical Preservatives
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Ascorbic acid
Sodium nitrate
Sorbic acid
Citric Acid
Sodium nitrate
Other Feed Additives
• Pellet binding Agents
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Bentonite (calcium or sodium)
Ball clay
Lignin sulfonate
Hemicellulose extract
Molasses
Other Feed Additives
• Probiotics
– Consist of specific microbial cultures or
ingredients or both that stimulate cultures
capable of modifying the gastrointestinal
environment to favor healthy tissue
development.
– Lactobacillus
– Streptococcus
– Fungi (yeast and molds)
– Aspergillus
– Bacillus
Other Feed Additives
• Probiotics (reasons for use)
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Increase or balance the beneficial intestinal bacteria
Reduce toxic by products of digestion
Reduce intestinal pH
Improve appetite
Alleviate symptoms of STRESS
Used in Foals, dairy calves/lactating dairy
cows,growing/adult horse, incoming feedlot cattle, sick
pens newborn beef calves newborn pigs and various
pets.
Other Feed Additives – Hormone like
Products
• Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)
– Synthesised steroid that is closely related
structurally to progesterone (P4)
– Not effective in pregnant or spayed heifers or in
steers.
– Growth stimulation (6-8%) claimed
– Improved feed efficiency (5-7%) claimed
– Suppression of estrus and elevated estrogen –
stimulates release of growth hormone.
Other Feed Additives - Implants
• Implant is a substance implanted into the
animal body and designed for slow but
constant release for growth promotion,
improved feed efficiency or control of a
physiological function.
– Ralgro – improve gain beef and sheep (8 –12
%) claimed. Effective 70 – 110 days.
– Increases secretion of growth hormone
promotes skeletal growth without deposition of
fat.
– Synovex (Implus-S,H,C) Estrodiol benzoate,
progesterone, testosterone,
• Not for veal calves or animals raised for breeding
purposes
Other Feed Additives
• Compudose – drug impregnated silicone
rubber implant
– Improves rate of gain 15-20 % claimed.
• Finaplix (S and H) - implanted pellet
• Synthetic androgens
• 5-10 % improved gain
• Revelor - implant pellet
Other Feed Additives
• Bovine Somatotropin (BST)
– POSILAC commercial recombinant rBST
(FDA approved Feb 1994).
• 500 mg or 36mg/cow/day
– Cannot be administered orally
– Subcutaneous injection of rBST every 14 days
starting day 63 postpartum.
– Average increases of 8 to 10 lbs per day
– Delayed dry matter intake
– Require the same nutritional needs as
nonsupplemented cows.
Summary
• Feed additives must be used according to
label.
• Stiff fines for non compliance.
• For best results use as directed.
• Protect your market and livelihood.