Transcript - Catalyst

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Air Pollution
History, Definitions
Clean Air Act 1970
Human and Ecosystem Health
Long-distant transport
Definitions
•
•
•
•
‘Natural’ vs. anthropogenic
Acute, point sources
Chronic, non-point
NAAQ Standards
– Primary
– Secondary & Visibility
• Implications for control
• Implications for health
• Implications for regulations
History
• Evidence of pollution exposure
• Issues of black smoke, soot
• Issues of significant damage to forests (1908,
Trail BC) - SO2
• Automobile and smog
• California Air Control Board
• Clean Air Act and EPA
• Ozone, acid precipitation, SO2
• Contrails, black smoke, SO2 aerosols
• Long-distance transport
Anthropogenic vs. nonanthropogenic
• Examples: SO2 and ozone
80 TgS
=
80,000,000
Metric tons
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Health and the Clean Air Act
• Famous cases
– 1930: Meuse Valley, Belgium 60 (vs. 6)
– 1948: Denora, PA 6x greater
– 1952 (Dec 5 - 9) London 4000 excess
deaths (Battisti)
• 1955: First Air pollution law in US
Air - Lungs
 Basic necessity for life (without O2 we get
brain damage in ~3 minutes);
 Lungs are readily irritated by noxious gases
(e.g. O3, SO2, smoke, fine particulates, etc.);
 Lungs are also a good conduit for absorption
into bloodstream of toxics such as Pb, CO,
benzene, etc.
 Due to low mass of earth’s atmosphere and
sometimes poor dispersion, air can be readily
polluted.
- Dan Jaffe
Clean Air Act (1970)
• One of the most complex laws ever written;
• Identifies 6 criteria pollutants (CO, O3, SO2,
NOx, Pb, PM)
• Major revisions in 1977, 1985, 1990, 1995
to deal with toxic chemicals, stratospheric
ozone, etc; (now CO2)
• Considered by many to be a model
environmental legislation and has been
used as the basis for Clean Air Acts in
many other countries.
- Dan Jaffe
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS)
• Level of pollutant that should not be exceeded in all
areas of the country;
• Goal is to protect the health of all citizens, including
sensitive populations;
• Based solely on health effects, economic
considerations were not to be considered;
• NAAQS was then the basis for a comprehensive
set of regulations on industry, vehicle
manufacturers, states and cities and essentially
established the industries of air pollution control
technology and air quality monitoring.
• NAAQS should be re-evaluated by EPA every 5
years to ensure they are consistent with best
scientific data.
CAA Criteria Pollutants
Criteria Pollutant
Most Important Sources
Health and Ecological Effects
SO2 (g)
Power plants, metal smelters,
pulp mills
Respiratory effects,
contribute to acid rain
NO2 (g)
All combustion, especially
power plants and cars
Cause O3/smog
formation contribute to
acid rain
CO (g)
All combustion
Cardiovascular impacts
O3 (g)
Secondary pollutant: Formed
from reactions of NO2 and
NMHCs
Lung damage, asthma
trigger, vegetation
damage
Pb (s)
Leaded fuel
Brain and nervous
system, particularly in
children
Particulates
(PM2.5/PM10)
Primary and secondary from
all combustion
Asthma, bronchitis,
premature death
NMHCs (g) *
Cars, industry
Major role in ozone
formation
CO and CO-Hemoglobbin
Aggravation of cardiovascular
disease
75 ppm
35 ppm
%CO-Hemoglobbin in the blood as a function of
concentration and exposure time
How effective was the CAA?
Changes between 1970 & 2000
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
GDP increased 158%
Vehicle miles traveled increased 143%
Energy consumption increased 45%
US population increased 36%
• SO2 - 44%
CO - 25%
• PM - 88%
NOx + 20
• Pb - 98%
VOC - 43%
CAA: Cost - Benefit Analysis
• In the 1990 CAA amendments, congress
required EPA to conduct a cost-benefit
analysis on the CAA -- Report
• Annual Costs: $25 billion (mainly
compliance costs)
• Annual Benefits: $1.1 trillion (range 0.3-2.5
trillion)
• Mainly avoided deaths, avoided
hospitalizations and avoided lost IQ points in
children)
NAAQS - Getting tougher
O3
• 1979: 120 ppb -1 hr
• 1997: 85 ppb - 8 hr
• 2008: 75 ppb - 8 hr
PM 2.5 (24 hour)
• 1979: 90* ug/m3
• 1997: 65 ug/m3
• 2008: 35 ug/m3
Smog and LA
≤ 60 ppb
> 125 ppb
Example of an Ozone Episode
Non-attainment areas for 8-hour O3 (85 ppb)
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Ozone in the Puget Sound Region
1. Comes only from the
Puget Sound Region
2. Comes only from the
Puget Sound Region
and California
3. Comes from local,
regional, and
sources as far away
as China
3%
1
3%
2
95%
3
Global Transport
How important is O3 in background air?
120
Average
concentration of
“background” O3
at Washington
coast = 40 ppb
100
O3 ppb
80
60
40
20
Local
pollution
Global
Pollution
Natural
0
Is the background
increasing?
Perhaps, there is
some evidence.
Seasonal global changes in O3
Coal & Biomass: PM2.5, CO2, Hg
Total CO2 emissions from fossil
fuels
2000000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
500 & 1500 tons Hg
China
India
United States
1800000
For 2007:
China - 21.3%
India - 5.1%
US - 18.7%
1050 & 6000 tons Hg
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
Mercury Pollution
China’s Energy Use
Source: WRI
Cars in China
50
45
10% GDP
40
8% GDP
35
6% GDP
30
25
20
15
Passenger
Vehicles in United States: 254,000,000 (2007) of
this total,
136,000,000 were cars
10
5
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Beijing Smog
• According to World Bank, 16 of the 20
most polluted cities are in China
BBC’s Observation Summer 2008
Beijing
August 2, 2008: PM10 = 15 µg/m3 (50
WHO)
3
August 4, 2008 PM10 = 292 µg/m
Data
City
PM µg/m3
Vancouver
13
Canada
New York
21
SO2 µg/m3 NOx µg/m3
14
37
26
79
Dehli
150
24
41
Mexico C
51
74
130
Cairo
169
69
Chongqing
123
340
70
Beijing
89
90
122
Chengdu
86
77
74
Data from Vancouver, WA
• Data on PM2.5 from Dec 28 - 31, 2009
Dan Jaffe’s Lab
• From R to L: Will Hafner, Duli Chand, Phil
Swartzendruber, Mary Howisey, Dave Reidmiller,
Jeremy Smith and Dan Jaffe (not shown Emily Fischer)
Jaffe’s approach
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asian Production
Background levels go up
Hypothesis testing
Special sampling sites
Use of satellite data
Measurements of air chemistry
Study Area
Global CO emissions
Forest fires
Industry
Dust
TOMS Aerosol Index (AI) for mid-April 2001
7
April 8, 2001
6
Altitude (km)
5
4
April 12, 2001
3
2
1
0
0.0E+00
Flight 8, 14 April 2001
April
14, 2001
2001 Spring Average +/-1sd
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
-1
Aerosol Scatter 550nm (m )
• Satellite
data
provides
evidence
• 2-D
• Takes a
biggie
Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer
Detective work increases
• April 25, 2004 - 175 back trajectories!!
Clear Example for April 25, 2004
Future: Good News
• Compounds such as Hg, also ..
• Specific compounds in particulate matter (PM2.5)
Future: Not so good news
• Increases in CO2
• Continued biomass burning and dirty
diesel engines
• Increase reliance on coal - S02 and Hg
• Ozone
• Addressing compliance issues
Summary
•
•
•
•
Definitions, Principles and Patterns
History (Local to Global and Local)
Health --- Clean Air Act --- NAAQS
‘Dr. Dan Jaffe’s’ Lecture today
– Long-distance transport
– Tighter regulations/standards
• Future: PM and interaction pollutants & climate
change.
• Yoram - Wednesday - control options
• Dr. Sheryl Magzamen’s Friday lecture
– Air pollution and health
http://faculty.washington.edu/djaffe