Transcript Industrial Revolution

The Industrial
Revolution
The historical growth of economic globalization
Industrial Revolution
(1700s-1900)
► using
new sources of power to run machinery
► causes complete change in people’s lives =
revolution
Requirements
► Excess
capital ($)
► Available labor (modernization of farms)
► Encouragement of entrepreneurs (can be related
to religious/social values)
► Natural resources (e.g. iron ore, coal)
► Energy resources (e.g. fossil fuels, water)
► Transportation and communication
► Stable government
England’s Industrial Revolution
(1750-1850)
► 1700
– most people were in agriculture,
most items made locally, subsistence
farming, family focus including education
► 1900 – most people lived in cities, surplus
manufacturing, improved transportation and
communication, family no longer focus as
people looked outwards for education and
entertainment
Why England?
► Capital
available due to increased agricultural
production (Enclosure Movement)
► Increased labor pool as poor landless peasants
were forced off the land (Enclosure Movement)
► Religious groups (especially Protestants) taught
hard work would be blessed by God, which
encouraged entrepreneurs. (On the other hand, in France
business activity was seen as common and was looked down upon)
► Natural resources (timber and coal)
► Waterways = easier transportation
► Stable government for 200 years
were plentiful
Why Textiles?
► demand
for British cloth increasing,
especially in colonies
► gadgets being created in homes to make
spinning and weaving easier
► some gadgets hooked up to water source
► when steam engines were hooked up, that
meant factories could be built anywhere
THE IMPACT OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Conditions for the Working Class
(During the early part of the Industrial Revolution)
► child
labor (women and children paid less)
► 12-16 hour days
► limited or no breaks for meals
► corporal punishment
► fear of losing job
► living miles away from the factory
► poor living conditions
► short life span
►
"Sarah Golding was poorly and so she stopped her
machine. James Birch, the overlooker, knocked her to
the floor. She got up as well as she could. He knocked
her down again. Then she was carried to her
house.......she was found dead in her bed. There was
another girl called Mary......she knocked her food can to
the floor. The master, Mr. Newton, kicked her and
caused her to wear away till she died. There was
another, Caroline Thompson, who was beaten till she
went out of her mind. The overlookers used to cut off
the hair of any girl caught talking to a lad. This head
shaving was a dreadful punishment. We were more
afraid of it than any other punishment for girls are proud
of their hair." An interview in 1849 with an unknown woman who worked in a
cotton factory as a child.
Affects of the Industrial
Revolution - Short Term
Positive
► lower costs for items like clothing (= change of
clothing that could be washed = more sanitary)
► death rates went down due to access to better
food and medical care
Negative
► slums created in cities
► abuse of the working class while the middle and
upper class reaped the benefits
Changes to neighborhoods
Affects of the Industrial
Revolution - Long Term
Positive
► Access to cheaper goods increases middle class
► governments began to intervene on behalf of
workers (laws to protect them).
The life of the poor had always been difficult, now society began doing
something about it
Negative
► factory work can be very boring causing stress
► unemployment due to technological advances
► pollution, overpopulation, changes to family and
social structures, military capability to destroy
civilization
Political Effects
Social Effects
Economic Effects
•Child labor laws to end
abuses
•Reformers urging equal
distribution of wealth
(e.g. Karl Marx)
•Trade unions
•Social reform
movements, such as
utopianism, socialism
•Long hours worked by
children in factories
instead of going to
school
•Increased urban
populations
•Poor city planning
•Loss of family stability
•Expansion of the
middle class
•Employee care vs
laissez-faire economics
•Encouragement of
technological progress
•New inventions and
development of
factories
•Increased production
and higher demands for
raw materials
•Growth of worldwide
trade
•Population explosion
•Development of
sophisticated banking
and investment systems
•Advances in
transportation,
agriculture and
communication
New Economic
Ideas
Capitalism
► During
Industrial Revolution merchants
began to complain about government
restrictions
► They believed that the economy should be
free to follow natural laws (supply and
demand), not random laws of government
Basic Beliefs
► freedom:
trade and choice
► individual
needs are emphasized (when
needs are met, society will benefit)
► value:
self-reliance, initiative, hard work
Characteristics
► Private
property
► Profit motive
► Price system (supply and demand)
► Competition
► Freedom to buy and sell
► Little government in the economy (no public
schools or hospitals)
► Inequalities
of wealth
Major Philosophers - Adam Smith
► if
people free to satisfy their own wants,
their actions would automatically work to
improve the economy (invisible hand)
► government should only protect the country
against foreign enemies, ensure
competition, maintain law and order and
protect individual property rights (laissezfaire), not help the less fortunate
Major Philosophers - David Ricardo
► increasing
wages led to large families, led to
too many workers and even lower wages
than before
► the best and brightest will prosper and the
unworthy will not (everyone is paid what
they are worth)
Major Philosophers –
Thomas Malthus
► population
growth in the past was
controlled by famine and disease
► government intervention (charity) would
only unbalance the system
► competition would ensure that only the
fittest would survive
New Lanark
► Early
ideas of socialism
► Robert
Owen saw the abuses of the
Industrial Revolution and believed that
treating employees better will improve
output
► Provided housing, education and health care
for employees
Karl Marx
► Communism
rises as a response to the
disparity between rich and poor growing
during the Industrial Revolution
► ‘Communist Manifesto’
 Economic equality
 Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie
► “From
each according to his abilities, to
each according to his needs”