Transcript Indonesia - Effingham County Schools

India
(The Republic of India)
Mark Twain said
"India is the cradle of the human race, the
birthplace of human speech, the mother of
history, the grandmother of legend and the
great-grandmother of tradition".
•Saffron represents
courage, sacrifice, and the
spirit of renunciation
The national flag of India
has three equal
horizontal bands of
saffron (top), white, and
green, with a blue
chakra (24-spoked
wheel) centered in the
white band
•White signifies purity and
truth
•Green stands for faith and
fertility
•Blue chakra symbolizes
the wheel of life in
movement and death in
stagnation
Capital is New Dehli.
Early History
The Indus River Valley was the location of
the earliest civilization on the Indian
Subcontinent. This was the Harappan
civilization.
The Indo-Aryans moved into northern
India in about 1500 B.C. Their language
was Sanskrit (still used in official
documents in India today).
They created cotton fabric, the game of
chess, and the beginnings of the number
system we use today.
Around A.D.1000, Muslim armies moved
into India. The Delhi sultanate (an Muslim
kingdom) began in the 1200’s
In the 1500’s, a group called the Muguhls
took over India. The first Muguhl emperor
was Babur. His grandson Akbar began
the golden age of the Muguhl empire.
Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan, built the
Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife.
Great Britain took over control of India in
the 1700’s and 1800’s. This rule was first
under the British East India Company.
After years of control by this company,
India became a colony of Great Britain.
In the 1800’s, Indians began to look for
ways to gain independence from Great
Britain.
After WWI, Mohandas Gandhi began
leading a nonviolent protest to gain India’s
freedom. It succeeded in 1947.
Government
• India is a federal republic.
Executive branch
• President--Pratibha Devisingh Patil
• President elected by members of
legislature
• Head of Government--Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh
• Prime Minister elected by members of
legislature
Legislative branch
• Bicameral legislature (Sandad, or
Parliament)
• Members of legislature are elected by
popular vote or by electoral college. A few
are appointed by other governmental
bodies
Judicial branch
• Appointed by president
Religion and Ethic Groups
Religious Groups
o Hindu 80.5%
o Muslim 13.4%
o Christian 2.3%
o Sikh 1.9%
o other 1.8%
o Unspecified 0.1%
Ethnic Groups
o Indo-Aryan 72%
o Dravidian 25%
o Mongoloid &
other 3%
Language
Hindi 41%
Bengali 8.1%
Telugu 7.2%
Marathi 7%
Tamil 5.9%
Urdu 5%
Gujarati 4.5%,
Kannada 3.7%,
Malayalam 3.2%,
Oriya 3.2%,
Punjabi 2.8%,
Assamese 1.3%,
Maithili 1.2%,
other 5.9%
***English is the secondary language in many
regions of India. It is used in much of
government and business.
Economy
• India is developing into an open market
economy.
• While more than half of the population
works in agriculture, the growth in the
economy is coming from service jobs.
• Many jobs in information and software are
increasing India’s influence in the world.
• Major Industry
Textiles
Chemicals
Food processing
Steel
Mining
Petroleum
Machinery
Software
Pharmaceuticals
• Natural
Resources
 Coal (fourth-largest
reserves in the world)
 Iron Ore
 Rare Earth Elements
 Natural Gas
 Diamonds
 Petroleum
 Limestone
 Arable Land
Geography & Climate
Climate
• Varies from tropical monsoon in south to
temperate in north
Geography
• Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south,
• Flat to rolling plain along the Ganges
• Deserts in west
• Himalayas in north
Environmental Issues
•
•
•
•
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Deforestation
Soil erosion
Overgrazing
Desertification
Air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle
emissions
• Water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of
agricultural pesticides
• Tap water is not potable throughout the country
• Huge and growing population is overstraining
natural resources
• Literacy Rate
– Total 61%
– Male 73%
– Female 48%
• GDP
– $3,200 per capita
• Below Poverty Level
– 25%
• Life Expectancy
– Total 66.5
– Male 65.5
– Female 67.5
• Population
--1,173,108,018
--2nd largest
population in the
world