Transcript The New Global Age - Fabius

The New Global Age
1800-1914
Britain Becomes More Democratic
• Chronological Events
– 1815: Britain was a constitutional monarchy.
– 1820s: Catholics and non-Anglican
Protestants are granted equal political rights.
– 1830s: People’s Charter proposed by
Chartists, demanding universal male suffrage,
annual parliamentary elections, salaries for
Parliament members and a secret ballot. After
nearly 20 years most reforms would pass.
Britain Becomes More Democratic
• Reform Bill of 1832:
– “The Bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill.”
– Redistributed seats in the House of Rep.
– Positives
• Gave representation to large towns and cities.
• Enlarged the electorate, people allowed to vote.
• Middle-class men have greater political voice.
– Negatives
• Maintained property requirements to vote.
• Nobles remained a powerful force in the government and
economy.
Britain Becomes More Democratic
• Chronological Events Cont…
– 1867: Reform Bill gives working-class men
the vote, doubling the size of the electorate.
– 1880s: Farm workers and most other men
gain suffrage. Most chartist ambitions
achieved by the end of the decade.
– 1911: Power of the Lords restricted including
power to veto tax bills.
– 1918: Women over 30 gain suffrage.
– 1928: All women gain right to vote.
A Century of Reform
• Social Reforms
– Slave Trade: Abolished by Britain in 1807.
• Did not end Slave trade, but in 1833, Parliament
banned slavery in all British colonies.
– Crime and Punishment:
• Early 1800s, over 200 crimes were punishable by
death (shoplifting, sheep stealing, impersonating
an army veteran).
• These capital offenses were reduced and many
criminals were sent to penal colonies instead.
A Century of Reform
• Working Class
Victories
– Working conditions
better during the
1840s.
– Unions legalized in
1825.
– From 1890 – 1914,
union membership
soared.
– Won higher wages,
shorter working hours
and better lives for the
working class.
A Century of Reform
• Education
– William
Gladstone’s
Education Act
• Free
elementary
education for
all children.
• Government
jobs based on
merit rather
than birth or
wealth.
• Women’s
Suffrage
“Ireland for the Irish”
• Explanation
– Daniel O’Connell’s quote typified their desire
for freedom and justice from England and
Scotland.
• Mass Starvation
– Under British rule, ¾ of the farmland was
used to grow crops for England, with the
remaining land, the Irish grew potatoes.
– In 1845, a blight, or disease destroyed the
potato crop leading to the “Great Hunger.”
Division & Democracy in France
• The Third Republic of France
– 2nd Republic under Napoleon III
– After losing the Franco-Prussian war,
republicans set up a provisional, or temporary
government that would evolve into the Third
Republic.
– Power controlled by a premier, or prime
minister.
– With four large parties, politicians had to form
coalitions, or alliances to control enough votes
to name a premier and cabinet.
Division & Democracy in France
• Political Scandal in France
– The Dreyfus Affair
• 1894, French army officer, Alfred Dreyfus is
accused of spying for Germany.
• Dreyfus was found guilty, due in part to his religion,
which was Jewish, and not being allowed to see
the evidence against him.
• Through the work of the Dreyfusards and Emile
Zola, the French Court cleared Dreyfus’ name in
1906, but France was still deeply divided.
Division & Democracy in France
• Calls for a Jewish State
– Following the Dreyfus case and a rise of antiSemitism through Europe, Theodor Herzl, a
Hungarian Jewish Journalist, called for Jews
to form their own separate state.
• Rationale:
– They would have the rights denied to them in European
countries.
– Modern Zionism: movement to rebuild a Jewish state in
Palestine.
Causes of the New Imperialism
Economic Interests
• Manufacturers
wanted access to
natural resources.
• If they could not get
them at home they
had to expand
overseas.
Politics & Military
• Steam-powered
ships needed places
to take on coal and
supplies.
• Nationalism led to
expansion for
purposes of security
and prestige.
Social Darwinism
• Growing sense in the
West of racial
superiority.
• Imperial conquest
was simply nature’s
way of improving the
human species.
Empire Builders & Critics
Humanitarian & Religious
• Opportunity to
spread Western
medicine, law and the
Christian Religion to
their “little brothers.”
Science & Inventions
• Imperialism found favor • Maxim machine gun
with all classes, and
• Repeating rifle
Europe could force
Africans and Asians to
• Steam warships
accept Western control.
• improved medicines
• Criticism claimed it to
be immoral and
undemocratic.
“The White Man’s Burden”
• Analysis
– Kipling presents a Eurocentric view of
the world, in which non-European
cultures are seen as childlike. This
view proposes that white people
consequently have an obligation to
rule over, and encourage the cultural
development of, people from other
ethnic and cultural backgrounds until
they can take their place in the world
by fully adopting Western ways.
The Diverse Lands of Africa
• North
– Includes the Sahara and fertile
land along the Mediterranean. The
region has long since had ties with
the Muslim world.
• West
– Grassland area that was strongly
Islamic. The strength of the Asante
Kingdom worked against it.
The Diverse Lands of Africa
• East
– Also influenced by
Islam, they carried on
profitable trade like
slaves, ivory and
copper for cloth and
firearms.
• South
– A region in chaos due
to the conflict between
the Zulus and Boers.
The Great Scramble
• Berlin Conference (1884)
– Set the standards for colonizing
Africa.
– Claimed Congo & Niger rivers as
free trade zones.
– A European power could not lay
claim to an area with out setting
up government office there.
– After 20 years nearly the whole
continent had been partitioned.
• African Resistance
– Ethiopia under Menelik II and
Liberia were the only states to
remain independent.
European Challenges to the
Muslim World
• European Pressure on the Ottoman
– As the empire crumbled, Ottoman territory fell into the hands of
European powers.
• Algeria was seized by France.
• Russia and Britain schemed to gain the Bosporus and
Dardanelles.
• Germany wanted to build a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway.
• Massacre of Armenians
– Genocide: a deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or
ethnic group.
• Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of helping the
Russians. Over 25 years, a million or more Armenians were
killed for protesting Ottoman policies.
European Challenges to the
Muslim World
• The Suez Canal
– Devised in 1859
by a Frenchmen
Ferdinand de
Lesseps, the
canal would link
the Med. and
Red Seas.
– Hailed by many
European
countries as a
lifeline to India
when completed
in 1869.
14000
12000
10000
via Cape
of Good
Hope
via Suez
Canal
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Bo.
S.
H.K.
Iran and the European Powers
• Britain & Russia
– Britain wanted to protect its interests to India.
– Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and
expand into Central Asia.
– The Iranian Government granted Britain & Russia
concessions, or special economic rights when they
became interested in Iranian oil fields.
• Iranian Muslim Groups & Iranian Nationalists
– Both groups were outraged with the government and
Muslim leaders condemned western influences.
– Nationalists like the urban middle class, wanted to
move swiftly to adopt western ways before being
conquered by them.
British Rule in India
• Good Effects
–
–
–
–
Improved Roads
Preserved Peace
Reduced Banditry
Introduced western
education and law
– Conversions to
Christianity
– Pushed to end slavery,
the caste system and
improve women’s
position within the
family.
• Bad Effects
– Sepoys, Indian
soldiers could serve
anywhere, but
overseas travel was
against their religion.
– Allowed Hindu women
to remarry which was
also against their
religion.
– Refusal of Sepoys to
load weapons.
Rebellion & Colonial Rule
• The Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny
– Revolt by Indian soldiers, due to insensitive British
reforms, that was crushed by the British.
– In 1858, Parliament would end the rule of the British
East India Company and put India directly under
British control.
• An Unequal Partnership
– The British used India as a market and source of raw
materials.
– Britain ruined India’s hand-weaving industry,
transformed Indian agriculture and created massive
deforestation, or cutting of trees for new farmland.
• Opium War
– British merchants traded opium for Chinese tea.
– As the Chinese became addicted to opium and the
loss of silver hurt the economy, the government
outlawed opium.
– The British refused to stop trading and easily
defeated China at war in 1839.
– Unequal Treaties
• Britain received indemnity, or payment for losses in the war.
• British citizens in China were also granted extraterritoriality,
the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own
courts.
• The Decline of the Qing
– The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
• The “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace,” that sought social
reforms such as: land reform, community ownership of
property, equality of women and men and most importantly
the end of the Qing dynasty.
– Effects
• Qing nearly toppled, nearly 20-30 million Chinese die.
• Opens the door to Europeans as Russia seized land in
Northern China.
– Sino-Japanese War
• 1894, China losses to Japan giving up Taiwan in the process.
• Qing Declines cont.
– Spheres of Influence
• Following their loss to
Japan, European nations
forced China to sign a
series of unequal
treaties. Eventually
western nations weary of
governing foreign lands,
established spheres of
influence within China
which guaranteed
specific trading privileges
to each nation within its
respective sphere.
• The Qing Dynasty Falls
– Boxer Rebellion
• Secret Society called the Righteous Harmonious
Fists, or Boxers, whose goal was to drive out all
foreigners from China.
• In 1900 the Boxers attacked foreigners, but were
eventually crushed by a multinational force of
European and Japanese troops.
• In the aftermath, China made concessions again
and finally realized the need for reforms in the
areas of education, economy and women’s rights.
• Sun Yixian
– A Chinese revolutionary and
political leader often referred to
as the "father of modern China".
Sun played an instrumental role
in the eventual collapse of the
Qing Dynasty in 1911.
– Three Principles of the People
• Nationalism – Independence from
foreigners.
• Democracy – representative govt.
• Livelihood – economic stability.
In 1911 Sun Yixian was
named President of China’s
Republic.
The Opening of Japan
• What caused the opening?
– A letter from the President of the U.S. demanding that
Japan opens its doors to diplomatic and commercial
exchange.
• Results
– U.S. gains extraterritoriality and most favored nation
status.
– European countries win similar rights.
– Criticism and bitterness toward the shogun.
– Revolt unseated the shogun and restored the
emperor to power.
Commodore Matthew Perry
• Naval leader who opened
up Japan with a letter from
President Fillmore and his
fleet of steam ships.
The Meiji
•
•
•
•
Meaning: “Enlightened rule”
Motto: “A rich country, a strong military.”
Leader: Emperor Komei
Government: a strong central government with
equality before the law for all citizens.
• Class System: Class distinctions survived
despite reforms.
• Modernization: set-up banks, built railroads,
improved ports, organized a telegraph and
postal system, started industrialization and used
western education.
The Meiji Restoration
• Empire Building
– By defeating Russia,
Japan gained treaty
ports with China and
ruled Korea just like
European imperialists.
– Japan uses their
influence in each area
for natural resources.
• Results
– By the early 1900s,
Japan was the
strongest power in
Asia.
• In the years to come
they would add territory
and natural resources.
Southeast Asian Colonies
• Dutch
• British
– Controlled the
Moluccas and
Indonesia where they
grew coffee, indigo
and spices.
– Conquered Burma and
Singapore which
allowed for more
natural resources and
profits to enrich
Britain.
• French
- By the 1860s, invasions allowed
France to seize Vietnam, Laos and
Cambodia.
Effects of Europeans
• How Siam (Thailand) remained free.
– King Mongkut studied foreign language and modern
science to understand Western culture.
– Accepted some unequal treaties.
– Modernized government, army and technology.
– Mongkut’s son Chulalongkorn bargained to remove
unequal treaties.
– Instead of colonizing them, Britain & France saw
Siam as a buffer, or neutral zone. They would be
independent by the early 1900s.
Self-Rule for Canada, Australia and
New Zealand
ORIGINAL
PEOPLE
WAY OF LIFE
RESULTS OF
COLONIZATION
C
A
N
A
D
A
Canada became a
flourishing nation, but
was a separated
nation.
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
Made an Independent
Commonwealth in
1901 that recognized
the British Monarchy.
N
e
w
Z
e
a
l
a
n
d
Effected by Britain
Native
taking natural
Americans &
resources and their
land.
French
Dutch, claimed Used as a Penal
by Britain in
Colony
1770s
Settled farmers
Maoris, Britain
who wanted to
claimed in 1769
defend their land.
Many Maoris died and
white New Zealanders
gained independence
in 1907.
Economic Imperialism in
Latin America
• Instability
– New Latin American
countries were
weakened by
regionalism, loyalty to
an area and local
strongmen called
caudillos, who
resisted the central
government.
• Economic
Dependence
– Even with their new
found independence,
Latin American
countries still relied on
trade with Britain and
the U.S. to supplant
Spain, due to their
weak economy.
Latin American Biographies
• Santa Anna
– a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early
Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first
fighting against independence from Spain, and then
becoming its chief general and president at various
times over a turbulent 40-year career.
• Benito Juarez
– Seized power in 1855 and opened an era of reform
known as La Reforma, by revising the Mexican
constitution to strip the military of power and end special
privileges of the church.
• Porfirio Diaz
– Former war hero and dictator who made economic advances
at the expense of his own people. Diaz peonage system
allowed the rich to prosper, while most Mexicans remained
poor.
The Influence of the U.S.
• Monroe Doctrine
– a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2,
1823, proclaimed that European powers
would no longer colonize or interfere with
the affairs of the newly independent
nations of the Americas.
• Panama Canal
– Water way that would connect Atlantic &
Pacific Oceans. The U.S. had to back a
revolt by the Panamanians to defeat
Colombia in order to build the canal.
Relationship based upon Colonization
• Imperial West
– Economy
• Global economy had
emerged including
machine-made goods,
investment capital &
technology.
– Industry
• Mass-produced goods
from the industrialized
world disrupted traditional
economies
– Culture
• Cecil Rhodes said it best:
“The more of the world we
inhabit the better it is for
the human race.”
• Colonies
– Economy
• Provided agricultural
goods, natural resources
& cheap labor.
– Industry
• The Indian market was
flooded by British goods,
so Indian hand-made
weavers could not keep
up.
– Culture
• Conquered people were
forced to modernize and
westernize and came to
believe in western
superiority.