Transcript 11-9-migr-social

Today
• Migration continued
© T. M. Whitmore
Questions?
• Urban problems in LA
• Urban economic systems in LA
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration-the 3rd part of demography
• Definitions of migration
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More-or-less permanent change in the locus
of one’s life
Must cross political boundary
“Circulation” a temporary change in residence
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration — 4 major types
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1st type: International within Latin America
2nd type: International to and from Latin
America
3rd type rural => rural migration
4th type rural => urban migration
© T. M. Whitmore
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Example of International migration:
Mexicans to US
N limits of Mexico
Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of
1840s
Post-Mexican war in 1880s
1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in
Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in
US
1920s immigration laws change
Anti-immigration hysteria => violence &
expulsion of Mexicans 1920s-30s
© T. M. Whitmore
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Example of International migration:
Mexicans to US II
1940s -1960s => Bracero program
1980s and beyond
Issue of illegal (undocumented)
Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled
since 1880s
Issue of remittances
Spatial patterns of migration
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittances – a major consequence
of migration
• People move North by the millions, and
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money moves South by the billions
Remittances are monies sent by workers in
the US to their Latin American (and
other) homes.
Remittances are a result of
underemployed or unemployed in LA
seeking jobs in USA
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittances II
• About 17 million Latin American origin
residents living in the United States
Send about $45 billion to their families
on a yearly basis.
Each transfer transaction averages
approximately $300
60% of senders are “working poor” in
USA;
> 50% of senders <35 years old (but still
significant sending by older and more
settled immigrants)
© T. M. Whitmore
Spending Remittances
• Vast majority spent on household
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expenses
But 1/3 invest in housing, businesses, &
real estate
© T. M. Whitmore
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Scale of remittance Flows
For 2006= ~ $ 45 billion from US (up 50% in
past few yrs)
~$60b if Europe etc. included thus, US is
source of ~75% of total flows
Exceeded the combined flows of all Foreign
Direct Investment and net Official
Development Assistance to the Region
LA is now the fastest growing and highest
volume remittance market in the world
> 150 million transfers annually to over 20
million recipients
© T. M. Whitmore
Scale of remittance Flows II
• Flows substantially exceed tourism
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income to each country
Account for at least 10% of GDP in
Haiti, Jamaica, & the Dominican
Republic
Nicaragua & El Salvador
Guyana
Almost always exceeds the income from
the largest export in receiving country
© T. M. Whitmore
Scale of remittance Flows III
• Remittances to Mexico
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Greater than the country's total
tourism income
Greater than two-thirds of the value
of petroleum exports
About equal to 180% of the country's
agricultural exports.
The earnings of Salvadorans residing in
the United States
Greater than entire GDP of the
country.
© T. M. Whitmore
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Remittance Origins in US
Top US sending states: all over $1 b annually
(total ~ $34b of the $45b total)
CA - $13.2b
TX - $5.2b
NY - $3.7b
IL - $2.6b
GA - $1.7b
AZ - $1.3b
NC - $1.2b
VA - $1.1b
© T. M. Whitmore
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Remittance destinations in LA
Over $1 billion annually =
Mexico – $20b
Brazil - 6.4
Colombia - 4.1
Guatemala - 2.9
El Salvador - 2.8
DR - 2.7
Peru - 2.5
Ecuador - 2.0
Honduras - 1.8
Jamaica - 1.7
Haiti - 1.0
© T. M. Whitmore
Destination recipients
• All with more than 10% of adults
receiving remittances
Ecuador 14%
El Salvador 28%
Honduras 16%
Guatemala 24%
Mexico: 18%
© T. M. Whitmore
Destination recipients II
• Per capita annual remittances
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Mexico: $190/capita
El Salvador ~$400/capita
Honduras: ~$240/capita
Guatemala: ~$200/capita
Dominican Republic: ~ $300/capita
Done via intl money transfer companies
© T. M. Whitmore
Source: © IADB
Source: © IADB
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador
© Brad Jokish
House built with remittances in rural Guatemala
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
Quiroga, Mexico
© T. M. Whitmore
Source: © IADB
© Thomas Whitmore
Rural => Rural migration
• From densely settled highlands to sparsely
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settled lowlands
 Andean to Amazonia
 Andean to coast
 Central American
From densely settled NE Brazil and S
cities to Amazonia
© T. M. Whitmore
Rural => Rural migration II
• Causes (example of Guatemala)
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Demographic
Political
Economic
ecological
Also temporary r -> r “circulation”
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonia
4th type: rural => urban migration
• What is it?
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rural to urban migration => permanent
change of residence
Why migrate?
“Push” and “Pull” forces
economic welfare
social welfare
other factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate I?
• Economic (pushes & pulls)
Lack of land
Few non-farm opportunities
Little upward mobility
Development => fewer rural jobs &
jobs with less dignity
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate II?
• Social (pushes & pulls)
Education
Health care access
© T. M. Whitmore
Why migrate III?
• Other (pushes & pulls)
Environmental
Violence
Individual factors
Family strategy
© T. M. Whitmore
Who migrates?
• Age
• Gender
• Marital status
• Education level
• Personal
• Ethnicity
© T. M. Whitmore
How do migrants move?
• Migration patterns
Role of information
Role of social networks
Step vs direct migration
Fill-in migration
Role of distance
© T. M. Whitmore