Transcript 20-4-24

Last Time
• Southeast Asia
Soils and forests
Agriculture
Mineral resources
Pre-colonial historical-cultural
influences
© T. M. Whitmore
Today
• European colonization
• Contemporary population issues in
SE Asia
• Country details in SE Asia
© T. M. Whitmore
Status of SE Asia by 1500
(before European colonization)
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Thai, Shan, Vietnamese, Lao, Burma/Myanmar,
Khmer (Cambodia) kingdoms in Indochina
Mostly Buddhist
Malaccan sultanate in S. Malay peninsula
Mostly Muslim
Indonesian archipelago fractured into hundreds
of tiny kingdoms
Increasingly Muslim
Philippine archipelago fractured into hundreds of
tiny kingdoms
Animist
© T. M. Whitmore
• European
Colonization
Portuguese
Spanish
British
French
• USA
• Japanese
• Chinese diaspora
• Indigenous reactions
© T. M. Whitmore
Population Issues
• Uneven spatial distribution
• Many countries with primate cities
• Chinese minority populations
© T. M. Whitmore
© John Wiley & Sons
China town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Population growth issues
• Diverse experience: some high,
some lower — religion NOT the
major factor
Higher growth states — rates of
natural increase (r) > 2 % per yr
range
Cambodia (Buddhist)
Brunei (Muslim)
Malaysia (Muslim)
Philippines (Roman Catholic &
Muslim)
© T. M. Whitmore
Population growth issues
• Diverse experience: some high,
some lower — religion NOT the
major factor
Lower growth states — rates of
natural increase (r) < 2 % per yr
range
Vietnam (Buddhist) r ~ 1.4%/yr
Singapore (Muslim) r ~ 0.6%/yr
Thailand (Buddhist) r ~ 0.7%/yr
Indonesia (Muslim) r ~ 1.6%/yr
© T. M. Whitmore
Burma (Myanmar)
• Large, diverse population ~ 50m
• Resources rich (oil, good ag land,
timber, etc.) richest country in SE
Asia in 1930)
• Economically and politically troubled
since
Repressive military rule
Several active insurgencies
• Issue of the “golden triangle”
© T. M. Whitmore
Thailand
• Population ~ 65 m
• Rapidly developing economy
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major exporter of tin, teak, rice
active maquiladora-type assembly
economy in Bangkok
Still majority agricultural; but much
development planned around tourism on
S peninsula
Very dynamic primate city of Bangkok
(at > 5 m the 2nd largest in SE Asia)
© T. M. Whitmore
Bangkok
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Bangkok
© 2005 The Great Mirror
Cambodia
• Population ~ 13 m
• A shadow of great Khmer civilization
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that built Angor Wat
Very unstable politically since WW II
Chaos of the “Khmer Rouge” after end
of Vietnam war (1976)
Purging of all “bourgeois” culture
(meaning most all educated, urban
people) > 1 million killed
Vast majority of pop is agricultural
Low rates of economic and social
© T. M. Whitmore
development
Hindu influenced Angkor Wat
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Vietnam
• > 80 m pop
• Over history, a country seldom united
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When the French colonizers were
defeated in 1954 the nation was
divided N - S (Communist N)
N and S are more-or-less complementary
N = industrial base, mineral resources,
food shortages
S = less industry, but more commerce
due to decades of US etc; much more
© T. M. Whitmore
food (Mekong delta); potential for
oil
Vietnam
• Losses due to generations of war (vs.
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French and USA)
> 1 million civilian deaths
> 50,000 US GIs killed in Vietnam war
alone (war with the French also
bloody)
 6m refugees and displaced peoples
 USA boycott and isolationist govt.
=> slow growth — but now opening a
bit
Great potential => important player in
© T. M. Whitmore
future
Malaysia
• ~ 26 m pop
• Economy dominated by 2
traditionally dominant sectors
Tin (35% of world’s production)
Plantation crop export economy
Oil gaining; good reserves
© T. M. Whitmore
Malaysia
• Legacy of divided ethnicities; Chinese
(30%), Indian (10%), and Malay (60%)
Divided religions as well: Muslim,
Hindu, Buddhist
Major ethnic problem is Malay Chinese
Chinese successful in urban commerce
and now dominate in wealth
Malays control government and
military
Economic policies of 1980s give strong
preferences to Malays for education,
© T. M. Whitmore
govt. job, etc.
© John Wiley & Sons
Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala
Lumpur
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Singapore
• ~ 4 m pop (literally a large city on an
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island at the tip of the Malay peninsula)
British colony in 1819; excellent harbor
for British fleet to control straits of
Malacca
Malaysia independence in 1963 —
Singapore separated 1965
Chinese dominant in Singapore (77%)
and this is key to separation
© T. M. Whitmore
Singapore
• Economy among the richest in Asia
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(GNP/cap ~ $30,000)
One of the world’s largest ports and a
natural entrepot
Export of raw materials form Malay
peninsula
 Major oil refining center
 New high-tech finance economy
 Very close trade with China (Hong
Kong), Taiwan, USA
Extreme form of state-capitalism (like
© T. M. Whitmore
Taiwan, Korea or Japan)
Image courtesy of the Singapore Tourism Board
Indonesia
• ~ 221 m pop (~ ½ of total in SE Asia )
• Very diverse country (despite being 85%
Muslim)
literally hundreds of local cultures
> 17,000 islands => hard to administer
(but most pop lives in Java and
Sumatra)
Well known problems with E Timor
just highlight this
© T. M. Whitmore
Indonesia
• Population density a problem in Java
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> 1,500 per sq mi ~ like a city
Govt. solutions include “voluntary”
resettlement of Javanese to outlying
islands and Borneo
Jakarta — giant city of SE Asia > 8m
Economy still dominated by agriculture,
but assembly manufacturing and oil
gaining
© T. M. Whitmore
Philippines
• ~ 85 m pop
• Mostly Roman Catholic (Muslim in
south) thus odd in this group
Fragmented like Indonesia into
thousands of islands
• Population growth a main issue r ~
2.3%/yr
© T. M. Whitmore