Transcript 120-9-4-NA
Today • Global Environmental Concerns Agriculture & food supply Species diversity & deforestation • North America Environments Settlement & cultural diversity Last time – questions? • Climate and biotic regions Mid-latitude dry climates Sub-tropical & Mid-latitude Humid climates Mid-to higher latitude cool/cold climates • Global Environmental Concerns Climate Change Global water Agriculture & food supply • Food production has doubled in past 30 yrs – but needs to do so AGAIN in next 30 Total food for an adequate vegetarian diet is sufficient now – if equally distributed • Gains declining • Productivity gains not equitable => • Regional problems with nutrition Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing 5 Yield (metric tons/hectare) 4 3 2 1 0 1960 1965 1970 Wheat Yield 1975 1980 Rice Yield 1985 1990 1995 Maize Yield 2000 World Africa Despite Gains, Millions Go Hungry (million persons suffering from undernutrition) 1,000 800 600 S Asia 400 E/SE Asia 200 SS Africa 0 1969-71 1979-81 Sub-Saharan Africa East and Southeast Asia Latin America and the Caribbean 1990-92 2010 Near East and North Africa South Asia © W.H. Freeman & Co. Tropical Deforestation • Loss of 53,000 mi2/yr of tropical forest last couple decades about = area of NC • Many causes • Multiple consequences Many temperate forests have been lost, but current deforestation and biodiversity loss are most rapid in the tropics. Species Diversity & human impacts • Biodiversity Deforestation => species loss • General human intervention => biosphere disruption Biodiversity: Plants Birds Biodiversity hotspots. Places around the world where there is: 1) high species diversity; 2) high species endemism; 3) large impact from human activities (Myers et al., 2000). North America • Diverse physical environments Diverse landforms All climates types except tropical wet © T. M. Whitmore 100º W Hot & Dry Temperature Cold & Dry Cold & Wet Precipitation Hot & Wet Physiographic Regions © T. M. Whitmore Eastern coastal plain & piedmont -Relatively poor soils - Densely settled - Secondary deciduous forests Cfa climate • Warm humid air from the Gulf, • but also cold air from the north •Rains yearround. Appalachian Highlands - Old, eroded mountains - “Cfa” climate; wet and seasonally cool - Large secondary deciduous forests Midwest & plains - Good prairie soils - Intensive grain cropping and cattle ranching - Less settled as one goes west Dfa/Dfb to BSk climates -Cool to cold winters, warm summers -Drier as one goes west The Rockies - H climate (elevation effects on precipitation & rain shadow effects) - Grasslands, coniferous forests and alpine tundra - Environmental amenities The Great Basin - Desert and steppe - Sparsely settled except in major cities Bsk – Bwh climates - Dry inter-mountain basin - Rain shadow of Sierra Nevada mtns. The Sierra Nevadas - H to Cs climates varies with elevation -Lower = Mediterranean climate with wet winters - Coniferous forests California’s Central Valley -Dry grasslands -Intensive irrigated agriculture Bsk – Cs climates -Rain shadow of coastal range -Mediterranean rainfall patterns Pacific Coast -Cs to Cfb (north) climate -Chapparral, oak woodlands and coniferous forests N.A. Settlement & Immigration • Native Americans • USA & Canada • Canada: French, English, recent • Countries of colonial immigrants (forced or voluntary) that occupied lands of original owners A moving frontier Arrival: ~20 thousand years ago across the Bering Strait Pre-contact: population of 1-18 million, speaking >1000 distinct languages. Today: only ~35 languages have >1,000 speakers. Native American Languages 2000 Census Colonial claims in North America, 1750 Frontier Settlement: driven by agricultural opportunities, gold, land claims policies, and the displacement of Native Americans. 1. SC, mid-Atlantic states and New England, plus Santa Fe and Florida (Spanish) and New Orleans and the St Lawrence Valley (French). 2. Across the Appalachians and into the fertile E US. 3. The Great Plains, West Coast and interior© West. T. M. Whitmore USA immigrants over time • Changing origins • Numbers vary widely • Characteristics of immigrants change • Impacts – anti-immigration is not new Phase I Pre-Industrial: ~ 1790 – 1820s • N and W Europeans (mostly UK & German) • Protestants • Africans as slaves • Rural people to rural USA • Very small numbers Record keeping begins 1820 • Few policy impacts 1790 naturalization laws Note these “periods” are slightly different from text Pre-Industrial Settlement © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore Phase II Early Industrial: ~ 1820s – 1870s • Increase in numbers (but still small) Larger % foreign born • Changing origins • Larger % Roman Catholic • Increasingly rural origins moving to urban settings • Strong anti-immigrant movements (anti- Catholic/Irish mostly) So-called “know nothings” Phase III Industrial: ~ 1870s – 1930s • Huge increase in numbers • Immigration act of 1882 • Ban on all Chinese immigration Anti-immigrant outbreaks early 1900s US pop ~ 15% foreign born Rural residents to urban destinations Phase III Industrial: ~ 1870s – 1930s • 1921 reform (limit) of immigration: National quotas Dillingham report (1907-1911) Southern & Eastern Europeans have more “inborn socially inadequate qualities than northwestern Europeans” • Impacts Immigration quotas WW I © T. M. Whitmore II III IV © T. M. Whitmore Stage 2: 1860s-1930s Industrial Revolution © T. © M.T.Whitmore M. Whitmore Old growth forests in the US over time Phase IV auto culture & postmodernism: ~ 1930s – present • Large numbers USA % foreign born increasing • Changing origins (yet again) (Latin America & Asia) • Changing destinations • Immigration laws 1952, 1965, & 1986 • Renewed anti-immigrant feelings WW II © T. M. Whitmore Stage 3: 1930s-1950s Rise of the Auto © T. © M.T.Whitmore M. Whitmore 300 m © T. © M.T.Whitmore M. Whitmore