Transcript LAST TIME

TODAY
• Social Geography
•
Wealth
Race
Religion
Economic geography
Industrialization
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME
• Migration
Remittances (a consequence of
international emigration from LA)
• Rural to rural migration within LA
• Rural to urban migration within LA
• Characteristics of migrants and the
migration process
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development:
Wealth
• Average wealth in GDP in PPP/capita
• World ~ $9,100
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Lesser developed ~ $4,400+
USA ~ $41,900
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development:
Wealth II
• LA ~ $7,900
• Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)
Low
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala
 Jamaica, Haiti
 Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
Above world average GDP/capita (>
$7,500)
 Costa Rica, Mexico
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 Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
Percent population living on <$2/day
• World average > 50%
• Latin American average ~ 24%
Countries with > 30%
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El
Salvador,
 Jamaica, Haiti,
 Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay
Countries with fewer than LA average
 Costa Rica, Mexico
 Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile
© T. M. Whitmore
GDP/capita
• USA
Wealth distribution I
Richest 20% have 40% of all income
Poorest 20% have 5%
65% in middle class
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution II
• Latin America
•
Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income
Poorest 20% have 2-5%
30% in the middle
Countries with top 20% with more than
50% of all income
 Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina,
Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
Varies within countries
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators
• The Human Development Index
• Safe water access
• Population to hospital bed ratio
• Overall worst levels of human
development
Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru
El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
Nicaragua
Dominican Republic; Haiti
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Race & Ethnicity
• Colonial legacy of population holocaust,
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slavery, and miscegenation
Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th
Century
Asian
European
=> complex map
© T. M. Whitmore
Current ethnic distributions
• Afro-American (Latin Americans are
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“Americans,” too)
Brazil
Caribbean (Garifuna)
Amerindian
Former high culture areas of
Mesoamerica and Andes
Mestizo: Mexico & CA; Brazil
Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern Cone
© T. M. Whitmore
Garifuna
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Race in Latin America
• Racial mixing
• Racial “bleaching”
• Racism
• “Social” races
• Indigenismo & Négritude
© T. M. Whitmore
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Catholic Heritage I
• Spanish Catholic roots
• Spiritual conquest — an integral part of
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the conquest of the Americas
Legacy of Church’s history in Latin
America
Identified with power/economic elite
Reform in form of liberation theology
=> oppression of the poor is a sin
© T. M. Whitmore
Catholic Heritage II
• Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico”
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= “I am a Catholic”
Church attendance is often low
But presence is everywhere
“Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman
Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous
(Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism)
Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with
(or been used to mask) various African
religious traditions in the Caribbean and
Brazil especially
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© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall
Obatala known as the parent of
the Orishas and all human kind.
The saint he represents is "Our
lady of Mercy“
© 2005-2006
www.santeriareligion101.com
Lukumi (Santería) Altar
Religion: Non-Catholic
• Hindu and Islam — imported with
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indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana,
Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities
in all of the Caribbean)
Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants
from Spain (conversos)
Evangelical Protestants — Protestants
outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial
times
Very rapid growth in past few decades
~40% of Guatemala
~1/3 of Brazil
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Inter-Personal socio-cultural
traits
• Machismo — men in control of their lives
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and the lives of others in their lives
Marianismo — roughly the inverse of
machismo (from the idea that the ideal
woman resembles Mary in her virtue and
purity)
Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas)
“Personalismo” — much of social,
economic, indeed all life in LA depends
on social/family ties & personal spheres
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of influence and obligation
Industrialization in the late
19th Century — up through
WWII
• Export Processing Industrialization (a
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follow on from colonial patterns)
Low technology manufacture of basic
consumer goods
Era of WW I; Great Depression;
through WW II
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Import Substitution
Industrialization (ISI) (1940s —
1970s)
• Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul
Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official
policy by the UN after WWII
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How ISI works
• Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase
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the price of imported manufactured
goods
Idea is to stimulate local industries
NOT a new idea
© T. M. Whitmore
Consequences of previous
rounds of industrialization
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A legacy of: Colonial; 19th C; and especially ISI
industrialization
Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most
Smaller states forced to band together
© T. M. Whitmore
Economic & other assumptions of
ISI
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Presumes that “under development” is partly
the result of uneven terms of trade between
LA and the more developed Atlantic world
Isolating the country’s economy from the
wider world’s economy will allow it to develop
without the pressures from the Atlantic
World
Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the
economy of more developed states
Strongly involve the state in economic
activities via state enterprises etc.
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with ISI
• Role of modern technology in ISI
• Role of changed imports in ISI
• Role of foreign control in ISI
• Role of role of governments in ISI
• Inefficient management due to lack of
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competition
Loans to do all this not easily repaid =>
demands to “restructure” economy”
© T. M. Whitmore