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INTRODUCTION TO DAMAGE
AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGY AND BASIC
CONCEPTS
Ricardo Zapata Marti
UN ECLAC
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PURPOSES OF DISASTER
VALUATION
– Serve as a means to mobilize external
cooperation, assistance and loans
– Become a tool in policy formulation and postdisaster resource allocation
– Become a tool in long-term risk mitigation
strategy setting
– Determine needs for reconstruction and
mitigation
– Create historical record
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INFORMATION NEEDS OF
DISASTER VALUATION
• Type:
– Contribution of analysts in all sectors of the economy, as well
as social scientists
– Geographically specific information
– Final analysis must have both disaggregated and national
accounting versions
• Sources:
– Ex ante data (pre-existing conditions, baselines)
– Ex-post data (on the basis of numerous sources and
estimates from the affected population to economic, social
and environmental effects. Can be both primary and secondhand.)
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DISASTERS: FRAMEWORK FOR
VALUATION
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VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability: Exposure to risks given the existing
institutional and socioeconomic situation, manifested
in:
•
•
•
•
Marginalization,
Informal housing and economy,
Poverty,
Conditions in human settlements and the situation of
productive activities (primary, industrial, tertiary or
services); their linkage internally and with the
environment.
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PHASES IN A DISASTER
The disaster cycle:
EMERGENCY
REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
ALERT AND PREPARATION
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THE DISASTER CYCLE AND
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Emergency
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
In the immediate
aftermath, priority is
to save lives
• Assessment
efforts can begin:
affected population,
deaths, wounded,
missing, direct
damages to
property and
infrastructure, both
public and private.
•
Priority is to return
activities in the
affected area to
normal.
•
•
• Ex: construction
•
Assessment of
direct and indirect
damages can begin,
and an appraisal
should be initiated of
secondary effects.
Priority is to implement
mitigation so that predisaster vulnerability is
not rebuilt.
projects modify preexisting infrastructure
and environmental
conditions that led to
damage by the disaster.
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CONNECTING THE CYCLE: THE
LINK BETWEEN NEEDS
ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION
• Mitigation measures rely on specific information provided
by the needs assessment
• Mitigation includes:
– Allocating resources toward institutional, organizational
and structural measures
– Training and organization, including at the community
level
– Devising early warning systems
• Ownership of actions is fundamental to build trust
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TIMELINESS AND ACCURACY OF
VALUATION
• “Window of need” = “Window of opportunity”
• Timely response to needs
– Valuation must aim to reduce disaster impact and avoid
reconstruction of preexisting vulnerability
– Assessment must be done in time to mobilize necessary
internal and / or external resources to help
• Accuracy
– Valuation must aim to ensure comparability and
methodological consistency, and
– To be acceptable by technical standards
– Judgment calls, assumptions and indirect calculations are
necessary
– The acceptable margin of error is 10-12%
– Valuation must nonetheless be accurate enough to attract
investment and projects
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DISASTER VALUATION
CONCEPTS
Direct damages
Indirect Damages
• Impact on assets
• Effects on flows
– Infrastructure
– Capital
– Stocks
• Occur immediately
during or after the
phenomenon that
caused the disaster
– Production
– Reduced income and
increased expenses
• Are perceived after
the phenomenon, for a
time-period that can
last from weeks to
months, till
recuperation occurs
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SECTOR by SECTOR VALUATION
METHODOLOGY
• Social Sectors
– Housing
– Health
– Education, culture, sports
• Infrastructure
– Transport and
communications
– Energy
– Water and sewerage
• Productive sectors
– Goods: agriculture,
industry
– Services: commerce,
tourism, etc.
• Global impact
– On the environment
– Gender perspective
– Employment and social
conditions
– Macroeconomic
assessment
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SOCIAL SECTOR
• Each social group’s degree of vulnerability to a
natural disaster is different, and the severity of
negative impact of natural disasters is as directly
related to social inequalities and deprivations as to
the natural hazard itself.
• A Social Impact Assessment (SIA) can be crucial in
determining:
- what mitigation is necessary
- what mitigation alternatives exist
- which mitigation strategies are most likely to work
• Accurate assessments of impacts should pay
attention to gendered differentials and must be
based on sound pre-existing socio-demographic data12
DYNAMIC GLOBAL EFFECTS
Macroeconomic effects:
• Repercussions on the national or regional economy after
disaster
• The duration of repercussions depending on the
characteristics and magnitude of disaster
• The effects are reflected by:
– Gross Domestic Product growth
– Performance of the external sector
– Evolution of public finance
– Increases of prices and inflation
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Internal policies:
- Include vulnerability reduction as an objective of development
plans alongside goals of:
•
•
•
•
Competitive growth
Equitable development
Sustainable and sustained development
Social participation
External policies:
-
Introduce risk management as part of the regional/international
agenda, alongside:
• External competitive insertion
• Benefiting from the globalization process
• Inclusive regional insertion
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Sectoral components:
• Monitoring, analysis and climate forecasting, including at the
local level
• Contingency plans in key sectors, for example:
•
•
•
•
Agriculture, cattle raising,
Rural poverty,
Energy and baselines
Water and health
• Interconnected systems
• Regulation of basic services with sponsorship of private
enterprise
• Focused plans for vulnerable groups, including for
employment, food availability and nutrition
• Education to reduce vulnerability
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