Transcript Scientific Research and Technology Management

Scientific Research and
Technology Management:
An Imperative for the Arab World
Samer Rifai
Arab School for Science and Technology (ASST)
Damascus – Syria
[email protected]
WIPO / IDB Regional Seminar on Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer
Riyadh 4-6 June 2007
Introduction
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Old challenges.
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New challenges:
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Globalization.
Knowledge-based economy.
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0
1950 1990 2000 2010 2020
Importance of R&D
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Characteristics of R&D in the Arab World.
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Characteristics of the Arab World economies.
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Importance of investing in R&D
Characteristics of R&D
in the Arab World
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Inputs:
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Budgets and investments
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Human resources
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Infrastructure
Budgets and Investment
R&D expenditures as % of GDP
Regions, 2002
Selected Countries, 2003
World
Developed countries
2.3
Developing countries
Less dev. countries
2.7
1.7
Asia
1.5
1.4
Oceania
0.3
Sweden
4.0
3.5
3.2
Japan
0.1
Europe
4.9
Finland
1.0
Americas
Africa
Israel
1.7
USA
2.6
Germany
2.6
UK
1.9
China
Brazil (2000)
1.3
1.0
India (2000-2001)
0.8
Turkey (2002)
0.7
0.5
All Arab States
0.2
Tunisia (2001-2002)
Arab States Africa
0.2
Egypt (2001-2002)
0.2
Syria (2001-2002)
0.2
Arab States Asia
0.1
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimations, December 2004, European Trend Chart 2005
Most R&D financing is sourced from public sector
in % of Total
Government
83
Syria*
Arab countries*
Korea**
0
89
30
Average OECD**
Japan**
Industry
18
24
62
75
74
Other
17
100%
3 8
100%
8
100%
7
100%
1
100%
* For the year 1996
** For the year 2004
Source: Adapted from ESCWA-UNESCO, 1998, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard, 2005
Human Resources and Infrastructure
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Moderate quality of scientists certified from
Arab Universities.
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Brain drain: > 200,000 Scientists left the Arab
World in the last 30 years.
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Existing institutions dealing with R&D are
poorly staffed and funded.
Outputs of R&D in the Arab World
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Economic impact.
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Patents.
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Published scientific papers.
Number of patents registered in the US from Arab and non-Arab countries during the period 1980-2000
Arab countries
Other countries
Country
No. of Patents
Country
No. of Patents
Saudi Arabia
171
Korea
16,328
Egypt
77
Israel
7,652
Kuwait
52
Chile
147
UAE
32
Jordan
15
Syria
10
Bahrain
6
Oman
5
Yemen
2
Source: Arab Human Development Report 2003
Published Scientific Papers
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Less than 1% of the total published papers:
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26 papers/M in 1995: increased 2.4 times / 1981
11 times in China and 24 times in Korea
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Moderate quality: poor content in basic
sciences.
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Publications for Promotion.
Characteristics of the Arab World
Economies
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Low economic diversity
Low growth rate
Unemployment: the highest in the world!
Leakage of main growth factors:
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Brain Drain
Capitals
Products with very low added value
Importance of investing in R&D
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Some Developing Countries became New
Industrialized Countries (NICs).
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Foresights and Objectives/Targets.
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Examples: Korea, China, Malaysia, Brazil,
Argentina, South Africa, Ireland and Finland…
Importance of investing in R&D
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Industrial progress through technological breakthrough.
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Economical Growth through Technological Growth.
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New Growth Theory:
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Economic growth directly related to technology and capitals.
Knowledge-Based Economy
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>50% of historical growth in per capita income in
USA is related to technological advancement.
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>50% of GDP is knowledge-based in OECD
countries.
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43% of Ireland exportations are knowledge-based.
National Innovation System (NIS)
NIS Components:
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S&T policy
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R&D strategy
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Win-Win
Research Institutes
Industries
Investors
Universities
OTHERS
Evaluation
&
Feedback
Knowledge, Technology, Products, Skills ..
Outputs
Codes & Regulations
NIS
Objectives
Economic
Resources
Imported &
developed
technologies
Inputs
Policies &
Strategies
What kind of Innovation?
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Radical Innovation
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Incremental Innovation
Technology Management
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Technology Acquisition:
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Transfer of Technology
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Implementation of Technology
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Production of Technology
Transfer of Technology Management
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External Transfer of Technology
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Selection.
Licensing, Strategic Alliances, Technical
Assistance …
Application.
Internal Transfer of Technology
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Failed in the Arab World: Problems in NIS.
Implementation of Technology
Management
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Better understanding
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Improve the product or the process
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Reverse Engineering and Local Development
Production of Technology
Management
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New Competitive Product
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Advanced stage
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Mature NIS:
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R&D&I + Industry + Budget + HR + IP +
Alliances + Marketing
Technology Management
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National Policy for Science and Technology:
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Define Axes: ICT, Biotech., Nanotech., New
Materials …
Weak and Strong Points.
Opportunities and Threats.
Define the R&D&I structure.
Remarks regarding the Transfer and
Implementation of Technology
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Transfer of Technology evaluation:
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How to measure transferred Technology?
Critical factor: Capacity to contain/integrate technology.
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25
20
15
10
5
Contribution as %
of Total Growth
0
Indust.
Coutries
West
Assia
East
Assia
South
America
Meadle
East
-5
-10
-15
Contribution of Technical Progress to Economic Growth (1960-1992)
(World Bank)
Conditions for Successful
Implementation of Technology
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Qualified and skilled Human Resources.
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Adequate financing: Venture capital.
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Codes and Regulations.
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Adequate environment.
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High education in mother language.
R&D&I Networks
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Importance:
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Multidiscipline / Multi-sectors
Creating critical mass of qualified persons
Improve R&D activities and products
Sharing Cost, Risks and Benefits
Avoid duplicate efforts
Decrease time in developing new products
R&D Networks Versus
R&D&I Networks
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R&D Networks
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Pre competitive
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R&D&I Networks
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Competitive:
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Technological
cooperation
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Manufacturing
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Marketing
Arab R&D&I Networks
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Nothing in the past
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Nothing Now
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Imperative in the future
Scopes of Priority
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Water Desalination
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Agriculture
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New Materials
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Renewable Energy
Dry Areas of the World
Agriculture
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Strategic field crops.
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New adapted varieties:
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Irrigated Wheat: 1.9 Ton/Hectar to 4.2 Ton/Hectar
Rain-fed Wheat: 0.7 Ton/Hectar to 1.5 Ton/Hectar
Application of Biological and integrated Control.
New Materials
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New technologies.
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New raw materials.
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Environmental regulations to be respected.
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Necessity to improve high education and R&D.
Renewable Energies
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Oil will not last for ever.
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Clean Energy:
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Photovoltaic
Mechanisms to Enhance Implementation
of Technology in the Arab World
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Prospecting the future
Filling the gap in the NIS structure
Providing the proper financing mechanisms
Human Resource development
Codes & Regulations
Promote all kind of cooperation
Thank you