Transcript Innovation Indicators in the Arab Region

Knowledge and Innovation in the Arab Region:
Realities and a suggested framework for a guiding index
Prepared by:
Ghaith Fariz
Director / Coordinator
Arab Knowledge Report
Knowledge
The concept of “knowledge” expands to embrace all forms
of a society’s epistemological and cultural assets. It is a
major organizing principal of holistic human development,
aiming to expand the choices and opportunities available to
the individual Arab to enjoy freedom and an honorable life.
Knowledge in terms of its acquisition, production,
indigenization, and deployment, thus becomes a tool and
goal that affects all levels of society equally and involves all
fields, from the scientific, artistic, cultural and traditional to
accumulated social experiences.
Arab Knowledge Report 2009
Knowledge is an entry point to reform and human
development: a tool and product of development
Knowledge is a human right
Adopting the broader concept of knowledge, which
includes humanities, art, literature, in addition to
applied sciences
The tight connection between the status of
knowledge and the enabling environments
(Political, economic and social environments)
Intercommunication; within the inside and with
the outside, is a founding pillar
The Arab Region
and the Aspired Knowledge
Society
General Environment
• Human development… the broader
framework of knowledge society: A slight
improvement with the persistence of many structural
problems (Poverty, unemployment among youth, illiteracy
among adults)
• Additional pressures: Negative impact of wars,
occupation and internal conflicts, extremism
• The global financial/economic crisis:
Opportunities and challenges for the establishment of the
knowledge society
Education:
The founding
tributary of
knowledge society
Despite the Arab region having spent about
5% of GDP and 20% of government
budgets on education over the past 40
years, around 1/4 of the population (15
years & older) is unable to read or write,
and there are still some 48 million
illiterate individuals in the Arab region.
• About one third of the Arab countries suffer
from significant school drop out rates
• Children in many Arab countries receive less
than 70% of the time allotted for their formal
education
Some 5 million school age children in the Arab countries
are out of school of which over 60% are females
Quality of Education
Cognitive
Skills
Values
Conative skills
(motivation to learn, self
esteem and planning for the
(Searching
for
future)
(cognitive,
conative,
information,
written
social
and universal)
communication, problem
solving and use of
technology)
Source: Arab knowledge Report 2010/2011
Social Skills
(communicating with
others, teamwork, public
participation)
Minimum Required
Score
Enrollment in higher education=24.1%
compared to world average of of 28.7% and
57.5% in Europe and Central Asia, and 59% in
Japan, and 75.8% in countries of very high HDI
Up to this date, the educational
systems in the Arab region were
not able to create a critical mass of
technicians capable of meeting the
demands of the labor market
Enrollment in Higher Education
Country
Algerie
Djibouti
Jordan
Lebanon
Morocco
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
Tunisia
Social
Engineering
Sciences,
Educatio Humanitie
manufacturing
Sciences
n
s and Arts
Law and
and
reconstruction
Business
Administration
*23.86
*11.7
*1.83
*41.01
*13.25
***30.77
**27.79
*
..
***17.27
***18.68
*17.6
*9.72
*19.43
*28.06
*6.4
12.62
10.99
*5.1
46.49
12.35
***13.21
**23.25
*
***4.69
***35.27
***12.4
**15.88
**21.52
***10.73
34.13
5.23
9.05
0.5
9.39
18.64
27.34
18.74
*2011 Data **2010 Data ***2009
**24.59
31.17
34.59
27.73
23.72
8.65
6.35
20.65
25.92
Agricultur
e
Health
*1.63
*3.47
..
..
*5.44
*2.98
..
11.19
***1.12
***6.65
**17.41
**0.84
**10.22
7.27
..
8.46
27.22
..
5.49
8.3
..
8.5
16.45
1.54
9.19
Service
s
*1.54
***5.5
..
0.81
***3.39
**0.73
0.53
2.49
1.97
3.92
Other /
Unknown
*1.7
..
9.88*
..
..
***10.9
..
..
..
..
Information and
Communication Technologies
The pillars and tools of knowledge
• Arabic is among the top ten languages used on the
net. Arabic-speaking internet users are the fastest
growing group (>2000%).
• Arabic digital e-content is still relatively weak
• Rates of internet use in most Arab countries are less
than the prevailing global rates
• Dissatisfactory levels of ICT applications for
development (Education, health, media... with the
exception of GCC countries)
Arab Performance in
Innovation
• Spending on scientific research in the Arab region is
among the least worldwide (Ranging from 0 to 1 % of
GDP, most of it depends on government funding with
minimal involvement of the private sector )
• Scientific publishing and patents...modest achievements
• Arab citizen’s share in published books equals 4 per cent
and 5 per cent of the share of British and Spanish
citizens
• Loss of Arab human capital (brain drain)...the ultimate
result of low incentives and high constraints (45% of
Arab students who study abroad do not return to their
home countries)
• Weak link between innovation and
production/development
Arab countries according to the number of research per million in the first half of 2013
Country
Population
Number of papers in 2013
Saudi Arabia
Tunisia
Lebanon
Kuwait
Jordan
Oman
UAE
Bahrain
Egypt
Palestine
Algeria
Morocco
Libya
Iraq
Syria
Sudan
Yemen
Mauritania
Comoros
Djibouti
Somalia
28 287 855
10 777 500
4 424 888
3 250 496
6 318 000
3 314 001
9 205 651
1 317 827
80 721 874
4 420 549
38 481 705
32 521 143
6 154 623
32 578 209
22 399 254
37 195 349
23 852 409
3 796 141
717 503
859 652
10 195 134
3 266
1 140
354
249
451
203
506
72
2 940
127
804
609
75
274
122
104
66
7
1
1
0
Source: Arab Scientific Community Organization 2013
Number of Patents Granted by the U.S Patent and Trademark Office
Country
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Egypt
UAE
Lebanon
Morocco
Tunisia
Jordan
Syria
Jordan
Qatar
Algeria
Iraq
Bahrain
Sudan
Libya
Yemen
Mauritania
Total Arab* countries
Malaysia
Finland
South Korea
Germany
Greece
Turkey
Philippines
Patents (2013)
237
84
34
18
7
1
4
6
0
3
7
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
403
214
1221
14548
15498
65
74
27
Overall Indicators
KEI for the Arab Region 2000 & 2012
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2000
2
2012
1.5
1
0.5
0
Knowledge
Index
Knowledge
Economy
Index
Innovation
Source: World Bank Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), 2012:
Education &
Training
ICT
Knowledge Economy Index Arab Countries 2000-2012
7
6
5
4
3
2000
2
2012
1
Source: World Bank Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), 2012:
Dijbouti
Sudan
Mauritania
Yemen
Syria
Morocco
Egypt
Algeria
Lebanon
Tunis
Jordan
Kuwait
Qatar
KSA
Oman
Bahrain
UAE
0
The Knowledge Economy Index for the World
Regions (2000-2012)
Africa
South Asia
Arab Region
World
Latin America
East Asia & the Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
North America
0
2
2012
4
2000
6
8
10
Innovation Index (2000-2012)
Africa
South Asia
Arab Region
World
Latin America
East Asia & the Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
North America
0
2
2012
4
2000
6
8
10
Institutionalism and Legislation…..
Despite the multiplicity of institutional
initiatives in the Arab region, they neither
cover all the domains of knowledge, nor do
they reflect a clear policy for doing so.
Arab legislation remain
insufficient/inadequate in terms of either
adoption or implementation to address the
questions and issues of the knowledge society.
Moving Toward Preparing the Youth for the Knowledge Society
Sustainable Human Development
Knowledge Society
Arab Youth
Skills…Values…Enabling…
Social,
political
and
cultural
environment
System of
innovation
and
creativity
Education
, training
and
media
ICT and
communication
Business
and
investment
environment
Change Management Institutions and Project Implementation
Policies
Regional and National
Comprehensive Vision for Change
Development…Openness and Intercommunication…Knowledge
Innovation….
The locomotive to catch up
A suggested framework for an
innovation index
Productive
Intercommunication
and Openness
Innovation
Development
Knowledge
Chronic problems, ambitions and
catching up with the world
• Education
– Illiteracy over 25%
– Quality??
• Rentier economies
– No need to be innovative…
• Resource based economies
• Openness and productive intercommunication
– Innovation and knowledge require openness and productive
intercommunication
Required scales and indices of
innovation in the Arab region
• Most of the available scales and indicators
are designed for developed or emerging
economies… in the Arab region we are
neither nor…..
• How much do we really have of that in the
Arab region?
• Are these indicators OK for us???
• What should we do..??
Key points for an Arab innovation scale
• Directing the indicators to address our
pressing developmental issues
• Can we wait …..Burning stages
• Critical mass approach
• Democratization/dissemination of innovation
and knowledge
• Productive intercommunication and
openness
Impact/Output
(social, economic, environmental, cultural)
Financial
tools
Legislative
tools
Capabilities
(Human/ knowledge
capital)
Translation
and Languages
Governance of
Innovation
Partnerships
(regional/international
Linking knowledge/innovation
with production and
development
Intercommunication
and openness
R&D
Societal
tools
Institutional
tools
ICT
Values
Efficient
and
Effective
Feasible
Innovation
Responsive to
Developmental
needs
Doable
Absorptive
Capacity
Elements of Knowledge and Innovation Scale for the Arab Region
Basis
Mechanisms
Enabling
Environments
Impact
Political support
Protecting
legislations
Financial tools
Employment/
poverty
Economic
environment
R &D
Legislative tools
Wellbeing , dignity
and prosperity
Societal support
ICT
Institutional tools
Social (health,
education,
Human/knowledge
capital
Partnerships
(regional &
international)
Societal tools
Environmental
Values
Translation and
languages
Overall governance
Cultural
Intercommunication/
openness
Governance of
innovation
Incentives (financial
and non-financial)
Economic (FDI, ODA,
Debt…)
The required change is, at its core, a comprehensive
economic, social, political, and cultural process of
mobilization to build the Arab renaissance project
with and through which the young Arab generation
can prepare for a new society that lays the
foundations of knowledge and brings openness to
the world to serve sustainable human development
for the dignity and wellbeing of the Arab people.
Arab Knowledge Report 2010/2011
Thank you
Ghaith Fariz
[email protected]
[email protected]