Transcript Somalia

The Somali Civil War
Geography
Capital: Mogadishu
Coastline = 2,720 km
Horn of Africa

North
 hilly
Central & South
 flat

"Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including
Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/so.htm>.
Somalia Geography
Pay close attention here.
• Somalia is the easternmost
country in all of Africa.
• Together with Ethiopia,
Somalia occupies what is
called The Horn of Africa.
The Horn of Africa takes its name
from the fact that if you look at
this part of Africa (on a map), it
looks like the horn of a
rhinoceros.
On your maps, label (1) Somalia
(2) Mogadishu (3) The Horn of
Africa
Geography
Mogadishu, at 1.5 million people, is the largest and most important city in Somalia. It is a coastal
city (shown in the picture). Somalia has a predominantly desert climate—rain is irregular, and the
weather is hot year-round. One last thing is that Somalia is mostly flat. The only highlands in
Somalia are in the northern part of the country.
Climate
Annual Rainfall
NE: Less than 4 inches
Central: 8-12 inches
SW and NW: 20-24 inches
Seasons
Gu (rainy)
April-June
Hagaa (dry) July-September
Day (rainy) October-November
Jiilaal (dry) December-March
Climate (cont.)
• Somalia mainly has a desert climate.
•
They experience irregular rainfall.
• The northeast experiences monsoons from December
through February. The southwest region experiences
monsoons from May to October.
•
Hot and humid periods exist between monsoons.
• Moderate temperatures exist in the north, and hot
temperatures in the south.
Droughts
•
A recurring
disaster in
Somalia
Dust Storms
•
Usually occur
over the eastern
plains during the
summer season
Floods
•
Only occur
during the rainy
season
Natural Disasters
Environmental Issues
Famine
• The UN declared a famine in 5 southern regions of
Somalia in 2011
• 3.2 Million people survive on food aid
• 2.8 million of those live in Southern Somalia
Use of Contaminated Water
Costal Contamination
Loss of Biodiversity
Land Degradation
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Soil erosion
Desertification
People
There are only 10 million people in Somalia. Somalia is sparsely populated due
to the desert-like climate and history of civil war. Almost all Somalis are
Muslim. They worship Allah. Pictured is an Islamic mosque in Mogadishu.
People



60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north)
25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural
zone (south)
15% = urban
" Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan.
2012. <http://somaliatips.files.wordpress.com
"Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet:
promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan.
2012. <http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/
Somalia Population
Year
2008
Population
Rank
9,558,666
85
Population growth rate: 2.824%
(2008 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.7%
(male 2,143,758/female 2,132,869)
15-64 years: 52.8%
(male 2,525,562/female 2,516,879)
65 years and over: 2.5%
(male 100,655/female 138,943) (2008
est.)
Percent Change Date of Information
4.82 %
July 2008 est.
urban population: 37% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change
(2005-2010)
Population
Birth rate: 44.12 per 1,000 persons in the population
Death rate: 15.89 per 1,000 persons in the population
Median age: total: 17.5 years
male: 17.4 years
female: 17.6 years (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total:
110.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 120.17 deaths/1,000 live
births
female: 101.5 deaths/1,000 live
births (2008 est.)
Population
Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.25 years
male: 47.43 years
female: 51.12 years (2008 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Population of Somaliland
Estimated at 3.5 million
Average population growth
rate:
Estimated at 3.1%
Average life expectancy for:
males: 50
females: 55
Ethnic groups: Somali 85%, Bantu and other
non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)
Religions: Sunni Muslim
Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian,
English
People
People
Somalis maintain Islamic traditional norms about
handshaking, limiting physical contact to persons of the
same sex.
Not all people from Somalia are
ethnic Somali.
The Bantus, in particular, may have
special needs because of their
historical marginalization in Somalia
and distinct language and culture.
Social Structure, Family, and Gender
The family is deeply valued in Somali culture
Approximately one-fifth of the population lives in
polygamous households
Marriages traditionally have been arranged, but
marriages based on love are increasingly permitted.
The previous socialist regime made some efforts to
improve opportunities for women so that Somali
women generally have more freedom to learn, work,
and travel than most other Muslim women.
People
People
Somali Clans can serve as a source of conflict or
solidarity
They often form alliances for protection, access to
water, or political power
These alliances are very important to many Somalis
and can outweigh their allegiance to a unified
country of Somalia
Economy
Somalia is poor, yeah. . .Did you expect it to be rich? Per capita GDP is
around $600. Somalia is a very large livestock producer. Many Somalis
were nomads and pastoralists who work their livestock. Livestock
produces about 40% of GDP and 65% of export earnings. Somalia
currently has very little industry.
Economy
GDP (purchasing power parity): $5.387 billion (2007
est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 2.6% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$600 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by
sector: agriculture: 65%
industry: 10%
services: 25% (2000 est.)
Economy
Currency: Somali shilling
Exchange rates: Somali shillings per US dollar - 1,438.3 (2006)
official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about 23,000
shillings per dollar as of February 2007
Labor force: 3.7 million (few skilled laborers)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 71% (reminder: arable land: 1.64%)
industry and services: 29%
(1975 estimate)
(1975 estimate)
Economy
Exports: $300 million f.o.b. (2006)
Exports - commodities: livestock, bananas,
hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal
Exports - partners: UAE 50.7%, Yemen 21%,
Oman 6.1% (2007)
Economy
Imports: $798 million f.o.b. (2006)
Imports - commodities: manufactures,
petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat
Imports - partners: Djibouti 34.4%, India 9.1%,
Kenya 9%, Oman 6%, UAE 5.6%, Yemen 5.5%
(2007)
Child labor
UNICEF estimates 41.9 % of
children (5 to 14 years)
working.
Most worked in agriculture
and domestic service.
Children used for forced labor
or sexual exploitation.
Social Well-Being Indicators
Poverty Rate
Extreme Poverty: 43%
General Poverty: 73%
Income Inequality
Literacy
Total: 37.8%
Male: 49.7%
Female: 25.8%
Primary Education Attendance
Male: 24%
Female: 22%
Secondary School Attendance
Male: 8%
Female: 4%
Lowest
in the
World!
Education
!
Education
No government operated
public school system or
required education since1991.
62 % of primary schools in
Somalia required students to
pay fees.
School in Somali Refugee Camp ↑
Access to Water and Sanitation
Access to improved drinking
source: 29%
Access to improved
sanitation: 25%
High prices: $7
Long walks: 20km
Prioritizing
Children and IDPs
diarrheal diseases
Health
Malnutrition
Maternal Health
Communicable Diseases
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Colonial Background
Britain and Italy colonized Somalia
After WWII Italy had to give its holding to England
In 1960, Somalia declared independence
Despite sharing the same language, ethnicity and
religion there are deep divisions
A system of rival clans and sub-clans made
establishing a stable government almost
impossible
History

Clans

Imperialism (late 1800s)


Britain,Italy,France
Independence (June 26th,1960)

United Republic of Somalia

Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman
Daar

Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
History (cont.)

Assassination of President Sharmarke


Army seizes power, 1969
General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime
History
Somalia was formed in
1960.
Military takeover in
1969.
Mohamed Siad Barre
became dictator.
Overthrown in 1991.
Civil War
Socialist dictator, Muhammad Siad Barre, is
president from 1969-1991, when he is deposed
in military coup
Essentially, the parties involved are:
1. the US supported Transitional Federal
Government
2. the Union of Islamic Courts which has a
militant wing
3. various warlords
Republic of Somaliland
Declared its own local
government in 1991.
Remains unrecognized by any
international organization.
Rebelled against the Siad
Barre style dictatorship.
Rise of Siad Barre

Scientific Socialism

Marxism + Koranic interpretation

Expansionist Somali nationalism

Homogenous, centralized nation-state


Unstable because of clans
Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia
Siad Barre's Dictatorship


Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC)

End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption,
and misrule"

Aligned with Soviet Union
National Security Services (NSS)


'Somali Gestapo'
Clan favoritism

M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and
Dulbahante)
Ogaden War (1977-1978)

Ogaden region in Ethiopia

Somali National Army


3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor
Haile Sellasie
Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change

Supported new Marxist Ethiopia

Withdrew support from Barre
Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont.

Effects of the war

1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia

Economy in the north

Clan favoritism & resentment

Issaq clan

Ogadeen clan
Brief History of Somalia
Post-World War II
Was a protectorate of Great Britain
1960
Achieved independence
1970s
Military dictatorship
Under Mohamed Siad Barre
1980s
Somalia's strategic importance was diminished due to end of
the Cold War
Government became even more totalitarian
Uprising in the NW (1978-1982)

Majeerteenclan

The Red Berets

Destroyed water reservoirs


2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst
Violence against women/children
Overthrow of Siad Barre


Somali National
Movement (SNM)

1979

Isaaq exiles


1980s → Ogadeen
refugees in (north) Isaaq
clan territory


1988 SNM
raided refugee
camp
Barre = civilian
assault
United States
government provided
$163.5 million to
Barre
Lost Iranian ally



1979
revolution
Horn of Africa to Gulf
oil shipping routes
Barre's army
=120,000 troops
Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.)


United Somali Congress (USC)

1989

Hawiye clan exiles
Red Berets

Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans


Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city,
70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia
January 27th,1991 → USC fought back

Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu
The Result


Republic of Somaliland

Somali National Movement (SNM)

NW

Mohammad Ibrahim Egal → “president of
Somaliland
United Somali Congress (USC)


Seized Mogadishu
Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later →
Nigeria
Civil War
The civil war disrupted agriculture and food
distribution in Somalia.
The tribes waged vicious wars against each other
to control water, and pasture, and cattle.
With the country embroiled in a civil war, famine
struck, and many Somalis began to die—an
estimated 300,000.
Famine and Starvation in Somalia
When Somalia’s
government
collapsed in 1991,
the resulting civil war
led to severe
disruptions in food
production and
distribution.
An estimated
300,000 Somalis
starved to death.
Somali Civil War – 1991
Results of the Somali Civil War
Barre is ousted from leadership
Disrupted agriculture, food & water distribution
Based on clan allegiances and competition for resources
Somali Civil War – 1991
More Results
Famine – approx.
300,000 dead
UN Security Council
authorized the limited
peacekeeping operation
Completely
disregarded by the
warring factions
More Violence in Somalia


USC has no plans for permanent
government
No reconciliation between factions and
armed groups

USC splits

Muhammad Fara Aidid & Ali Mahdi

Mahdi → Somali Salvation Alliance
(SSA)

Declared himself “president of Somalia”
Warlords
The country was ruled by a number
of warlords
A person with power who has military
and civil control over a an area
Armed forces loyal to the warlord and
not to a central government
Alliance of warlords was formed in
1992
Operated under the authority of
Mohamed Farrah Aidid
Declared himself President of Somalia
More Violence in Somalia (cont.)

Somali National Front (SNF)

Siad Barre's supporters



Guerbaharre
1991 → 6 months open combat between
groups
September 1991 → USC dominated, more
street fighting in Mogadishu
Effects of Turmoil

Government & civil society decayed

Food distribution collapsed

Drought exacerbated the effects

Famine in south

1992, international aid


80% food shipments looted by armed
groups & government
The United Nations decides to intervene
Role of United Nations
In 1992, the United Nations (UN) authorized a peacekeeping
force, whose objective was to provide food supplies to
Somalia and a safe, orderly way of distributing that food.
In a way, the UN’s actions in Somalia were similar to what see
saw in Rwanda. Remember that?
The difference in Somalia is that UN forces were there to
provide food during a famine.
The problem the UN encountered, though, was that the warring
tribes simply attacked the UN food supplies, stole the food,
and then sold it themselves, making lots of $.
The worst of these thieves was a ruthless warlord named
Mohammed Farah Aidid.
United States Response
In December of 1992,
President Bush ordered
Operation Restore Hope
Primary mission of
restoring order in Somalia
President Bill Clinton
took office in January
1993 and continued the
Operation
The United States in Somalia
“Operation Restore Hope”
August – October 1992
Mohammed Farah Aidid / Operation Restore Hope
• Mohammed Farah Aidid was a tribal warlord at the center of
Somalia’s civil war in 1991-1993.
• Aidid became notorious for attacking and plundering UN food and
medical supplies.
• While thousands of Somalis were starving to death, Aidid’s forces
were stealing relief supplies, then selling them make money.
• In December 1992, under President George HW Bush, the United
States organized a military coalition whose objective was to stop the
warlords (including Aidid) and to create a safe environment in
Somalia so that food and medicine could be distributed.
• This mission was called Operation Restore Hope.
• Initially, Operation Restore Hope was successful. The famine was
alleviated, and by May 1993, most of the US troops were withdrawn.
• Aidid did not give up, however, and after May 1993 he devised new
attacks on the UN peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in
Somalia.
• The US then made the fateful decision to either kill or capture Aidid.
• This set the stage for what became known as “Blackhawk Down.”
United Nations Operation in Somalia I (April
1992 - March 1993)

Monitor cease fire

Escort delivery of humanitarian supplies


Resolution 751 (1992)
Mission strengthens

Resolution 767 (1992)

Operational zones: Berbera, Bossasso, Mogadishu
and Kismayo


Military of 750 units, all ranks
Worked with United Task Force (UNITAF)

Resolution 794 (1992): “All means necessary”

24 countries led by the USA
US Involvement
UN and US begin to provide humanitarian
and nation building aid prior to 1993
In June of 1993 24 UN workers were
brutally murdered prompting the UN to
demand the arrest and trial of those
responsible
US led air raids resulted in the death of
respected clan leaders and resentment
UNOSOM I (cont.)


100-Day Action Plan

massive infusion of food aid

aggressive expansion of supplementary feeding

provision of basic health services and mass measles
immunization

urgent provision of clean water, sanitation and
hygiene

provision of shelter materials, blankets and clothes

simultaneous delivery of seeds, tools and animal
vaccines with food rations

prevention of further refugee outflows

institution-building and rehabilitation of civil
society.
Factions shelled and hijacked supply ships and vehicles
The Home-Front
Many Somalis resented the
international forces
Many took up arms and actively
resisted the UN and US
On June 5, 1993, one of the
deadliest attacks on UN forces in
Somalia occurred
24 UN soldiers were killed in
Mogadishu (controlled by Aidid)
The UN Responds
The next day, the UN issued
Resolution 837 calling for the
arrest and trial of those
responsible for the ambush
US and UN began an attack on
Aidid’s control
Aidid remained defiant, and the
violence between Somalis and
UN troops escalated
The Battle of Mogadishu
Fought on October 3 and 4,
1993, in Mogadishu,
Somalia
Operation was to capture
top officials to Aidid
Blackhawk Down (1993)
Essentially, the US put together an
elite team of soldiers called Task
Force Ranger to hunt down and kill
or capture Mohammed Farah Aidid
and Aidid’s top lieutenants.
On October 3, 1993, the US knew
that Aidid was in a building in the
city of Mogadishu (the capital city
of Somalia).
Task Force Ranger attempted to
execute a complex “snatch and
grab” mission to capture Aidid.
As part of this mission, several
Blackhawk helicopters were used
to drop elite US forces off at
specific locations in Mogadishu.
Task Force Ranger was not
expecting to encounter hostile
resistance from Aidid’s men.
However, as the Blackhawk
helicopters began dropping
the US soldiers into
Mogadishu, the Americans ran
into one hell of a firefight.
Some of the Somalis were
using RPGs (Rocket-Propelled
Grenades), and they used
these weapons to shoot down
2 of the Blackhawks.
For the next 24 hours, US forces scrambled to save
the crews of the two downed Blackhawks.
This became a red-hot firefight between American
forces and Somali tribal soldiers.
19 Americans were killed.
One of slain Blackhawk pilots was dragged through
the streets of Mogadishu, footage that sickened
Americans.
The Battle of Mogadishu
During the operation, two US
Black Hawk helicopters were shot
down
Some soldiers were trapped at
the crash sites
A combined task force was sent
to rescue the trapped soldiers
Results
US Forces
19 Killed
84 Wounded
Somali Forces
Est. 700+ Killed
Est. 1,500 Wounded
Fallout from Mogadishu
Black Hawk Down
Somalis shot down a Black Hawk helicopter killing
the soldiers on board and the US withdrew-policy
during Clinton Administration
After 9/11 the US was very concerned about
terrorism and the strategic location of Somalia as
a breeding ground for terrorists
US began aiding warlords, training Ethiopian forces
and providing counter-terrorism training to other
nations in the region
Black Hawk Down
Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War
by Mark Bowden
"Black Hawk Down (2001) - IMDb." The Internet Movie
Database (IMDb). Web. 07 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265086/>.
Web. 07 Jan. 2012.
<http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/>
Fallout from Mogadishu
American Foreign Policy
Became a cautionary influence on US policy
When US considers sending soldiers into foreign crisis
zones – “remember Somalia”
Americans were repulsed at the images of soldiers'
corpses being dragged through the streets
Reconciliation

January 1993, meeting convened by the Secretary-General

14 Somali political movements agreed on a ceasefire


pledged to hand over all weapons to UNITAF and
UNOSOM

General Agreement of 8 January 1993

Agreement On Implementing The Cease-fire And On
Modalities Of Disarmament

Agreement On The Establishment Of An Ad Hoc
Committee
The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia (March
1993)

leaders of 15 political movements endorsed an
accord on disarmament, reconstruction and the
formation of a transitional government.
Transition to UNOSOM II



Supplanted UNITAF
To help ensure a secure environment
in Somalia
Rebuild and reestablish



Infrastructure
Economy
Chapter VII, Resolution 814 (1993)
UNOSOM II (cont.)


Soldiers killed by factions → disregarded agreements
of ceasefire
Resolution 837 (1993)

Take all necessary measures to defend
armed attacks

Quick Reaction Force

Nairobi Declaration & Addis Ababa Agreement


Peace throughout Somalia & ceasefire

Factions/clans broke agreement
Secretary-General urged another conference to
appoint new government
UNOSOM II(March 1993 - March 1995)




Transition of operational control from UNITAF
Effective deployment and consolidation of
United Nations operational control
throughout Somalia and the border regions
Reduction of UNOSOM II military activity, and
assistance to civil authorities in exercising
greater responsibility
Reduction of UNOSOM II force
End of UNOSOM II

Secretary-General: only the Somalis
themselves could establish acceptable peace


International community could help
the process → can't be sustained
indefinitely
Withdraw of UNOSOM II force → March
28,1995

United Nations agencies and organizations

NGOs
The End of International Involvement
Withdrawal
President Clinton called
for a full withdrawal by
March 1994.
Marines were
completely removed
from the area by 1995
The UN also withdrew
forces
Ended the UN effort to
help a country in anarchy
and civil war
The End of International Involvement
Results
Secretary of Defense Les
Aspin resigned
Blamed for denying the
US Army permission to
use tanks
US politicians didn’t want
tanks in Somalia
Thought it would look bad
for “peacekeeping”
Post UNOSOM Somalia

Central government

Law system
TNG and the ICU

International Conferences

Area of conflict

ICU dominance

Effect of ICU rule
Al-Shabaab declares black Islamic flag in Somalia
ICU and Ethiopia

ICU's power spread

Ethiopian outlook

African Union
ICU-TNG Conflict

African Union thwarted

Arms buildup

Jihad

Baidoa
Puntland State of Somalia
Claimed autonomy in
1998
Do not want to be fully
independent of
Somalia.
Have developed at a
greater rate than
mainland Somalia.
Population of Puntland
Estimated at 2.4 million
Population growth rate of
Puntland State is currently
very high due to the influx of
people from war-torn
southern Somalia and from
neighboring countries.
Puntland: Signs of Development
Ministry of Women Development and Family Affairs
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Education
Somalia
Overall, the government has little control and is
instable.
Forbes magazine ranked Somalia as the most
dangerous destination in the world.
Presently
Somalis are worried they will wind up
being ruled by the Ethiopians-resentful
of the standing Ethiopian army
occupying their country
Ethiopia is concerned about Eritrea using
the situation (instability in Somalia) to
invade them and use Somalia to launch
attacks against them
Ethiopia Invades
Their civil war in the 1990’s destroyed
the country's government
In 2006 Ethiopia invaded Somalia (with
help from the United States) to
prevent it from becoming an Islamist
government
Ethiopian Invasion

Victory

ICU's Fate
Islamist Groups

Al-Shabaab

Hizbul Islam

Islamic Courts Union
War Leads to Piracy
As a result of that, foreign fishing ships started
fishing in Somali waters for it’s tuna, which
caused economic problems in Somalia's
fishing industry.
The fishermen, with access to small arms and
portable rockets, went out to sea to attack
the foreign cargo, and cargo ships.
This eventually turned into organized piracy
Pirates ??
Due to the extreme limited
opportunities to make a living in
Somalia many have turned to Piracy
in the Gulf of Aiden.
Began when neighboring countries
began illegally fishing in Somali
waters
Angry Somali fishermen boarded
and demanded “fees”
Called themselves ‘Coast guards’,
organized like a military
Today Somali pirates seize anything from freighters
to luxury cruise liners
Pirates in 2008 pulled in as much as $150 million,
placing it as Somalia’s biggest industry
Bosses can pull in $2 million/year
http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpg
Why and how they do it
They captured merchant ships off the coast of
Yemen, Somalia, and Kenya and hold them for
ransom
The ship owners and the insurance companies pay
the ransom because it is cheaper to pay it than to
lose the ship and its cargo
Piracy
Ships from the United states, United Kingdom, Russia,
and India patrol the Somalia coats and try to stop
the piracy
Ships are now arming themselves to protect against
attack from pirates
How to Handle the Piracy Issue
Some people have suggested to use amphibious or
air attacks on the pirates
Others think we should pay them off
The best solution is to get a functioning government
in Somalia to control it citizens
Coalition Government

Moderate Islamists and the TNG

Mogadishu

Technocratic government
Recent Occurences

Drought and famine

Al-Shabaab

Possible AU peacekeeper increase

Kenya

UN
Problems that the UN face in Somalia
• United Nations aid workers in the country are limited
as there is no established protection on site. Aid
workers face the constant threat of kidnapping for
ransom.
• International aid has been routinely looted due to a
variety of factors including government corruption
and desperate food and health conditions.
• Islamist groups view the United Nations with distrust
and deny it access to their land, believing that the
United Nations has a political agenda.
UN Role In Somalia
• No large-scale United Nations peacekeeping operation in the
country since the UNOSOM II.
• Passed Resolution 1838, in which an anti-piracy fleet is
sanctioned to operate off of Somalia's lawless coastline.
• The World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations program, also
has a presence in the country.
• A United Nations program designated towards establishing a
functioning government in Somalia called the United Nations
Political Office for Somalia is currently active in Kenya.
Solutions
1. UN Peacekeepers
– Offensive action
– Protection of aid
– Protection of government institutions
2. United Nations Political Office for Somalia
– Development
• IMF
Solutions (cont.)
3. International Help
–
AU
–
Anti-insurgency
–
Monetary goals
4. Political Unification
–
TNG
–
Puntland
–
Somaliland
5. End to Piracy
6. Alleviate the Effects of the Famine
–
Long term and short term goals
Bibliography
1.
The United Nations' database on the UNOSOM I & UNOSOM II
<https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosomi.htm>
<http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom2backgr1.html>
2.
From United Nations Political Office for Somalia
<http://unpos.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1911>
3.
Somalia – Infrastructure, Power, and Communications
<http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Somalia-INFRASTRUCTUREPOWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html>
4.
GlobalSecurity on the Somalia Civil War
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>
5.
From AllAfrica, information pertaining to the Islamist's stance on the United Nations was
obtained.
<http://allafrica.com/stories/201107260329.html>
6.
General history of the Somali Civil War
<http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html>
7.
Information on the Somali Civil War was taken from Conciliation Resources.
<http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/somalia/endless-war.php>
8.
GlobalSecurity on the far-reaching consequences of the Somalia Civil War
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>