Transcript Slide 1
Introduction to
Manufacturing
- Part 1Darrell Wallace
Youngstown State University
Department of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
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man·u·fac·ture (v)
1.
2.
To make or process (a raw material) into
a finished product, especially by means of
a large-scale industrial operation.
To make or process (a product),
especially with the use of industrial
machines.
Latin:
Manus (hand) + factus (make)
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Evolution of Manufacturing
Just as today, the historical evolution of
manufacturing occurred as an exchange
between material technology and
processing capability
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Prehistoric Periods
Stone Ages (~10,000,000 – 2,000 BC)
Time period varied geographically
Three periods:
Paleolithic (old stone age)
Mesolithic (middle stone age)
Neolithic (new stone age)
Stone age likely led to wooden tools
Bronze Age (~2500-500 BC)
Iron Age (~1500 BC-1000 AD)
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Manufacturing as Craft and Art
Prior to about 1800, nearly all
manufacturing was “craftsmanship.”
All products made as “one-offs”
No standardization or mass-production
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Industrial Revolutions
Major periods of Industrial growth
beginning around 1800 and continuing
through modern day
Transfer of expertise from person to process
Improvements in processes
Automation
Machine Tools
Power Sources
Materials Processing
Improvements in Infrastructure
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Some Key Components of the
Industrial Revolutions
Consumerism
Military
Development and Transfer of Technology
Manufacturing Tools and Processes
Power sources
Raw material processing (Whitney, Bessemer)
Vertical integration (combined spinning / weaving)
Mass Production (interchangeability, assembly lines)
Machine Tools (Maudslay)
Steam Engines (Newcomb / Watt)
IC Engines
Electric machinery
Infrastructure
Transportation
Communication
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Year: 2004
Manufacturing
Finance, insurance,
real estate, rental, and
leasing
Government
Professional and
business services
Educational services,
health care, and social
assistance
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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Contribution to U.S. GDP ($Billions)
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
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U.S. Manufacturing Employment Figures
Since 2001, Manufacturing employment has decreased significantly. However,
contribution to the GDP has remained basically steady during that period. How
is this possible?
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
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U.S. Manufacturing Productivity
Manufacturing Sector
Productivity Index Per Capita
1987-2004
170
10 years to
Double
Output
Output (Normalized to 100% in 1992)
160
150
25 years to
Double
Output
140
130
120
110
50 years to
Double
Output
100
90
80
70
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
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Source: BLS
Recent Shifts in U.S. Manufacturing
2001 Marked a major shift toward increased
productivity
Employment in the manufacturing sector has
decreased sharply, but production has not.
Productivity is at an all-time high
Low-value-added processes appear to be offset
by improvements in higher-margin production
Demand for employment will likely continue to
shift from unskilled laborers to individuals who can
contribute to higher productivity.
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Engineering Skills Valued in Modern
Manufacturing Environment
Process Expertise
Design Expertise
Improve process efficiencies
Bridge gap be between design technology and production
technology
Adapt designs to make them more manufacturable
Logistics and Process Flow
Maximize efficiency throughout the manufacturing process
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Course Objectives
Show the relationship of manufacturing to other
engineering pursuits
Familiarize you with the most common manufacturing
processes and some fundamental analyses
Encourage you to consider the many processes by
which each product you encounter is manufactured
Provide fundamental background for future work and
education in manufacturing and related fields
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