Transcript DandHsupportedstudy

What do I need to know?
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Explain several development indicators.
Explain differences between developing countries.
Explain differences within a country. (Brazil)
List factors which lead to malnutrition.
List factors which cause sanitation and water supply problems.
For malaria
a) explain factors which cause the disease to spread
b) describe methods used to control the disease
c) comment on the success of control methods
d) suggest the benefits to a country in dealing with malaria.
Describe and explain the main causes of death in an EMDC and how these can be
tackled.
Describe the main elements of Primary Health Care. Give reasons why Primary
Health Care may be appropriate in Less Economically Developed Countries.
1. Explain different indicators of development
and identify their strengths and weaknesses
Measuring Development
Economic Indicators
• Gross Domestic
Product
• Gross National Product
• Energy used per
person
• % of people employed
in Agriculture
Social Indicators
• Number of people
per doctor
• Infant mortality
• Life expectancy
• Calories per person
• Adult literacy
Combined Indicators
Physical Quality of Life PQLI
• Life Expectancy
• Infant mortality
• Adult literacy
- Score between 0-100
- The higher score the
higher quality of life
- Below 77 = poor quality of
life
Human Development
Index (HDI)
• Life expectancy
• Adult literacy
• GNP/person
• Cost of living
• Scholl enrolment
- Score between 0-1
Problems with indicators
• Indicators are broad averages and hide great
differences which exist within countries
• Money and resources are not evenly distributed
between regions and across socio economic groups
• Do not highlight differences between rural and urban
areas
• Do not highlight differences in lifestyle between shanty
towns and prosperous parts of city. E.g. Sao Paulo
• Do not highlight gender differences or racial and
religious groups
Problems with indicators cont
• A country may produce a lot of wealth but not
spend it on all of its people e.g. Saudi Arabia
• Income does not show how well off people are. E.g.
people may lead a subsistence lifestyle
• Social indicators are based on averages so they
don’t tell us differences within a country e.g. no of
calories
• One indicator on its own does not show quality of
life. Well fed does not mean well educated
• Countries at war cannot provide data
2. Explain differences between developing
countries.
Case Studies
Ethiopia
- Few natural resources
- Caught in cycle of poverty
- Lack of industrial development
- Based on subsistence farming with
land degradation
- G’ment lacking money and in debt
- Civil war and corrupt G’ment
- Poor health with endemic disease
- Poor health, housing, sanitation
and education
- Aids/HIV holding back
development
- High pop growth with poor
infrastructure
South Korea
- Secure, stable supportive G’ment
- Wealth based on industrial growth
- Wealth reinvested in housing, health,
sanitation and food
- Foreign investment attracted and
multinationals keen to be involved
- Large, flexible, low cost workforce
- Labour force well educated and
resourceful
- Well located to trade with pacific rim
countries
However
- Exploitation of some groups (women),
low wages, health and safety
concerns, environmental issues
BR
Infant
Literacy
mortality rate %
GNP US $
Thailand
16
21
93
7400
Saudi
Arabia
30
14
79
11800
South
Korea
12
7
98
17700
The table shows 3 ELDCs that are relatively rich.
Giving examples of named countries describe the factors
which help some ELDCs to achieve higher levels of
development than others.
(10)
Answer A
S Korea is a wealthy country having a GNP of
$17700 per capita. Consequently it has a birth
rate of 12 per 1000 because it can afford
hospitals and infant mortality is also low. It
has high literacy because it has invested
money in health care and education . Thailand
has the lowest GNP and being poor has the
highest Infant mortality rate. Saudi Arabia has
oil supplies so has a higher GNP
Answer B
Amount of natural resources a country has will influence its ability to develop.
Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have large oil reserves to export. Oil is in great demand so
they can this for a high price giving them a high GDP but it only goes into the
pockets of a few people and most people stay poor.
Wars prevent countries from developing so Iraq is not getting the benefit of its oil
resources and Somalia has been held back by civil war.
Some of the poorest countries in the world are in the Sahel zone of Africa like Mali
and Chad. They have severe climate problems with frequent droughts. They cannot
produce enough food and have to borrow money for this rather than investing in
development projects.
China is an NIC developing its industry by allowing multi national companies to
invest. This could have consequences on pollution in air and rivers.
Singapore has a natural harbour enabling it to develop its port and trading links.
Cheap labour and imported raw materials enabled it to develop textile and ship
building industries. It is a ‘tiger economy’ which has used its entrepreneurial skills
to develop as a commercial centre
Newly Industrial Countries (NIC)
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Asian Tigers
• Natural resources e.g tin and rubber in Malaysia, harbour in Singapore
• Large, flexible, hard working, low cost, labour supply
• Government encouragement of exporting manufactured goods e.g textiles,
clothing, toys, plastic, leather, and footwear
• Attracted Transnational Corporations
• Companies were attracted to location close to growing Chinese market
• Employees encouraged to spend capital on these products
Negatives
- Exploitation of labour
- Illegal migration from less developed neighbouring countries
- Rapid expansion caused environmental problems
- Heavy dependence on foreign investment – vulnerable to shifts in global economy
- Corruption – contracts are awarded to relative or friends rather than competence
You need to know your Singapore case study
Combined Indicators
3. Explain differences within a country. (Brazil)
South East Region
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Mild and favorable climate
Richest and most developed part of Brazil
Contains 42% of population
Rio, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte make up
‘Golden Triangle’ which is largest
industrial area in S. America e.g Steel
industries, Motor vehicles, Coca Cola.
Close proximity to HEP
Creation of jobs
Modern cities: skyscrapers, road and rail
links, ports
Agriculture: commercial and mechanised
plantations
Rich fertile soil to grow coffee and
cereals for export
South Region
• Climate similar to Europe
• Cold winters and frosts
• Good balance between
rural and manufacturing
sectors
• Parana River largest
Hydroelectric power dam
in the world
North East Region
• Semi arid region – dry bush
vegetation
• Agriculture is hard so little
money is made
• No money for irrigation
• Rain unreliable and prone
to drought
• Recently received
government resources as it
has sizeable oil fields
North Region
• North lies in the Amazon Basin
and covered by tropical rainforest
• Heavy rainfall and hot temps
• Less fertile and rocky soils
produce low yields made worse by
leaching
• Lowest population density and
GDP
• Poor transport and difficult to
develop
• 1960s/70s Government incentives
to farm here – mineral wealth,
HEP
West Central Region
• Covered in woodland savanna
which consists of sparse scrub
and resistant grasses
• Sparsely populated with 6.4% of
population
• Government set aside vast
areas of reservations for native
Indian tribes
• More recently rapid expansion
of rural production and new
industries
Health
Factors contributing to disease
Physical Factors
- Poor climate
(drought/flooding )
- Effect on farming and
diet
- Presence of endemic
disease
- Mountainous areas
have poor
communications
- Quality of water supply
(rural/urban)
- Basic sanitation
Human Factors
- Poverty
- Poor diet
(malnourishment)
- Poor living conditions
- Lack of health support
(medicines/hospitals/d
octors)
- Low public awareness,
poor education, poor
hygiene