Transcript Meeting the Demand for Cross-Country Infrastructure

Meeting the Demand for
Cross-Country Infrastructure
Databases
The World Bank
INFRASTRUCTURE VICE PRESIDENCY
Conference on Improving Statistics for
Measuring Development Outcomes;
June 4-5 2003
1
Overview
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Context
The Monitoring Needs
Infrastructure and the MDGs
Emerging Policy Issues
The Infrastructure Database
Current Status
Next Steps
Food for Thoughts
2
Context
A.The return of infrastructure on the
development agenda
B. … and perception that 50 years
without records is enough…
– Demand for more accountability of the sector from the
Board, Countries, Donors and Watchdogs
3
Context
Response: “Policy” component of the
Infrastructure Action Plan
– Commitment to improve quantitative and hence
measurable knowledge of the sector
– Cross country and cross-sectoral standardization
of information on infrastructure as the first step
towards better results and accountability
– Commitment to standardized policy diagnostics
– Commitment to investment needs assessments
(to be financed by either public or private)
4
The Monitoring Needs
1. Need for MLT & BLT to improve internal management
 Facilitates decision-making
 Clarifies accountability (who is responsible for what?)
2.Need to have improved global monitoring tool
 Initially driven by concern for MDGs
 ..but eventually will allow linkages between project monitoring,
sector/country outcomes, and global targets
3. General need to better monitor policy work in sector
 Requires cross country databases on infrastructure along
multiple dimensions
– Will also allow sharper analytical work=>data needs
5
Infrastructure and the MDGs:
Explicit Goals, Targets and Indicators
 Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
 Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies
 Infrastructure Indicator: GDP per unit of energy use (as proxy of energy efficiency)
 Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water
 Infrastructure Indicator: Proportion of population with sustainable access to an
improved water source
 Target 11: By 2020, to have achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers
 Infrastructure Indicator: Proportion of people with access to improved sanitation
 Infrastructure Indicator: Proportion of People with access to secure tenure
 Goal 18: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
 Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of
new technologies, especially information and communications
 Infrastructure Indicator: Telephone lines per 1000 people
 Infrastructure Indicator: Personal computer per 1000 people
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Infrastructure and the MDGs:
…Can’t Forget Indirect Effects Towards Other Development Goals
Infrastructure contributes to determine:
Health
Education
Growth
Poverty reduction
…and Income distribution
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Infrastructure and the MDGs:
Indirect Effects Towards Other Development Goals
E.g. transport matters to the education MDG:
– In Peru, 56% of children w/in 1 hour travel time to
school attend, 42% w/in 1-2 hours, 29% w/in 2-4
hours, 25% above 4 hours)
– Existence of a passable road increases enrollment
4% to 9% (Africa) and girls’ attendance more than
doubles with the presence of a paved road in the
community (Morocco.)
– Lead exposure from gasoline results in inner city
kids suffering from as much as a 4 point IQ loss.
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Infrastructure and the MDGs:
Explicit Targets for WSS Access: the numbers (or their lack)
MDG & WSSD targets:
“Reducing by 1/2 the proportion of
population without sustainable access
to safe drinking water & sanitation”
% of countries “on track” to reach MDGs
100%
50%
0%
# of new people with access to WSS
per day
Primary
Child
HIV/AIDS Access to Access to
school
mortality prevalence
water
Sanitation
completion
400,000
300,000
-50%
water supply
sanitation
Very Unlikely
Unlikely
Possible
Very Likely
No Data
200,000
100,000
0
91-00
01-15*
*needed for MDG
Reality check:
~ Less than 1 in 5 countries on track for WSS
~ Less than 1 in 10 low income countries on track
~ Proxy indicators – proximity to “hardware”
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Emerging Policy Issues:
Monitoring Access is NOT ENOUGH
 Access should not be the only policy area to monitor!!! We
also need to mainstream other policy areas in the sector:
–Affordability
–Quality
–Economic efficiency
–Financial autonomy of providers
–Fiscal dependence of the sector
–Institutional development/governance/policy
We need specific indicators to measure these policy areas
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The Cross-Country Infrastructure Database:
Examples of Indicators within each Policy Dimension
Water and Sanitation
Access Access to Improved Water Sources (Urban
and Rural)
Affordability Average Water Tariff
Energy
Share of Households using as a main
cooking fuel (Modern Fuels and Solid
Fuels)
Average Electricity End-User Prices
Construction Costs of Sanitation Facilities
Quality of Service Water Supply Time
Commercial Perception of Electricity
Service
Efficiency
Technical Unaccounted for Water
Energy Consumption per unit of GDP
Wastewater Treated to at least Primary
Economic Total Factor Productivity
Financial Autonomy Return on Equity
Fiscal Costs Taxes and Subsidies
Institutions/Governance Decentralized Management (y/n)
Total Factor Productivity
Net Revenues
Capital and Recurrent
Market Structure (vertical separation?)
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The Cross-Country Infrastructure Database:
Examples of Indicators within each Policy Dimension
Transport Services
ICT
Access
Access to All-Season Road
Telephone Subscribers per 1000
people
Affordability
Average Pump Price for Diesel
Cost of 3-minute Local Call
Quality of Service
Rate-Injury Accidents
Faults per 100 mainlines
Unmet Demand
Technical Aspects
Transportation to Work –
Modal Structure
Mobile Competition
Long-distance Competition
Efficiency
Technical Paved Roads
Economic Total Factor Productivity
Total Factor Productivity
Financial Autonomy
???
Net revenue
Fiscal Costs
???
???
Institutions/Governance ???
Private Investment as share of Total
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Current Status:
Plenty of Anecdotes, Little systematic Data Collection
Only data available is on access & some aspects of quality for utilities
and some scarce statistics on transport
– Quality of data is not equal across sectors (ICT is exception)
– Little known on affordability, efficiency, financial viability, fiscal
costs or governance of the infrastructure services
Why?
=>…usual public good problem….all want it, no-one wants to pay for it!
 No pressure from interested private parties (external debt data)
 No major multinational political commitment (HIV, education,…)
 Evidenced in little concern or interest for development of local capacity to generate
policy relevant data
 Residual financing claims by any single institution is unrealistic
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Next Steps
A. Come up with full diagnostics of data sources,
availability, reliability, and policy relevance (persector)…see ANNEX for a first cut
B. Identify comparative advantages among
institutions to collect the much needed data
a) Internal: INF, Sector Anchors, DEC, PREM, Global Programs, Regions
b) External: IEA, WHO-JMP, USAID, UN-Habitat, Platts UDI,…
C. Coordinate the “joint-production” effort
D. Follow up with statistical Capacity Building in
Client-Countries
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Food for Thoughts
… a possible allocation of
responsibility across the partners
interested in improving the
accountability of the sector
…to launch the discussion
15
Food for Thoughts
Institutional Comparatives Advantages by Policy Dimension
Water and Sanitation
Energy
Access
WHO/UNICEF/World Bank (JMP)
World Bank (LSMS)
USAID (DHS)
IEA
World Bank (LSMS)
USAID (DHS)
Affordability
World Bank (Benchmarking WSS)
Providers (Utilities)
World Bank (LSMS)
IEA/OLADE
World Bank
World Bank (LSMS)
Quality of Service
World Economic Forum
World Bank (ICA)
WHO/UNICEF/World Bank (JMP)
World Economic Forum
World Bank (ICA)
Pllats UDI (Utility Data Institute)
Technical Aspects
WHO/UNICEF/World Bank (JMP)
World Bank (Anchors)
IEA
World Bank (Anchors)
Platts UDI (Utility Data Institute)
Efficiency
Technical World Bank (Benchmarking WSS)
Providers (Utilities)/? (Non utilities)
Economic World Bank (DEC/REDIs)
World Bank (DEC/REDIs)
Providers (Utilities) )/? (Non utilities)
Financial Autonomy
World Bank (REDIs)
Providers (Utilities) )/? (Non utilities)
World Bank (REDIs)
Providers (Utilities) )/? (Non utilities)
Fiscal Costs
World Bank (REDI)
IMF
World Bank (REDI)
IMF
Institutions/Governance
World Bank (REDI)
World Bank (REDI)
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Food for Thoughts
Institutional Comparatives Advantages by Policy Dimension
Transport Services
ICT
Access
World Bank (Sub Saharan Transport PP)
World Bank (LSMS)
USAID (DHS)
UNESCAP
ITU
UPU
Affordability
World Bank (Railways Database)
World Bank (LSMS)
ITU
World Bank (LSMS)
Quality of Service
World Bank (WBES)
World Bank (ICA)
UN-Habitat
IRF Roads/Global Road Safety
Partnership
ITU
UPU
World Bank (WBES)
World Bank (ICA)
Technical Aspects
UN-Habitat/World Bank
World Bank (Anchors)/ITU
Efficiency
Technical World Bank
ITU
UPU
Economic World Bank (DEC/REDIs)
World Bank (DEC/REDIs)
Providers
Financial Autonomy
World Bank (Anchors-REDIs)
Providers (Utilities)
World Bank (REDIs)
Providers (Utilities)
Fiscal Costs
World Bank (Anchors-REDI)
IMF
World Bank (REDI)
IMF
Institutions/Governance
World Bank (Anchors-REDI)
World Bank (REDI)
17
Food for Thoughts
…to launch the discussion on :
Who does it?
How is it done (add-on vs. new efforts)?
How frequently (every 2-5 years)?
And … Who pays for it?
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ANNEX
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The Infrastructure Database
Energy at a Glance
"Readily Available" Performance Indicators for Energy
ACCESS
Access to Electricity Network (% of population)
Rural
Urban
Households Using as Main Cooking Fuel:
Modern Fuels (%total households)
Urban
Rural
Solid Fuels (%total households)
Urban
Rural
AFFORDABILITY
Average Electricity End-User Prices (US$/kWh)
Residential
Non-residential
Spending on Electricity (%Household Expenditure)
Spending on Alternative Sources of Energy (%Household Expenditure)
QUALITY
Electricity Supply Quality (Index)
TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS
Net Production by Fuel Type (Hydro, Thermal, Biomass, etc.) (% Total Production)
Main Energy Source for Households (piped gas, gas in containers, coal, electricity) (%hsehlds per energy source)
Energy Consumption per unit of GDP (Kg of Oil Equivalent/1,000 PPP GDP)
Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses (%Total Output)
DRAFT
20
The Infrastructure Database
Energy at a Glance
Non-Readily Available Performance Indicators for Energy
AFFORDABILITY
Theoretical Expenditure on Subsistence Level on Modern Sources of Energy (%Household Income)
Tariff Structure
Residential
Non-residential
QUALITY
Electricity Supply Time (hours/day)
EFFICIENCY
Technical Efficiency Index
FISCAL COST
Capital
Recurrent
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
Return on Equity
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Market Structure (Vertical Unbundling/Horizontal Unbundling)
Decentralized Management (yes/no)
DRAFT
21
The Infrastructure Database
Water and Sanitation at a Glance
"Readily Available" Performance Indicators for Water and Sanitation
ACCESS
Access to Improved Water Sources (% of population)
Rural
Urban
Urban Access to Improved Sanitation (% of population)
Sewerage %of population)
On-site Sanitation (% of population)
Rural Access to Improved Sanitation (% of population)
AFFORDABILITY
Water Average Tariff (US$/m3/year)
Spending on Water Services (%Household Expenditure)
QUALITY
Commercial Perception of Water Service (index based on quality perception)
Water Supply Time (hours/day)
Time spent in water collection (time to water source)
TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS
Unaccounted for Water (%)
DRAFT
22
The Infrastructure Database
Water and Sanitation at a Glance
Non-Readily Available Performance Indicators for Water and Sanitation
AFFORDABILITY
Average Connection Charge for Water
Average Connection Charge for Sanitation
Average Construction Cost of Sanitation Facilities
Theoretical Expenditure on Subsistence Level (%Household Income)
QUALITY
Urban Water Effectively Disinfected (% Water Production)
Urban Wastewater Treated to at least Primary Level (% Wastewater)
TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS
Rural Water Supplies that are Functioning (% total supplies?)
EFFICIENCY
Technical Efficiency Index
FISCAL COST
Capital
Recurrent
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
Return on Equity
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Market Structure (Vertical Unbundling/Horizontal Unbundling)
Decentralized Management (yes/no)
DRAFT
23
The Infrastructure Database
Transport at a Glance
"Readily Available" Performance Indicators for Transport
ACCESS
Access to 'All-Season' Road Network (% of population)
Vehicle 'Ownership' (%households)
Motorized Vehicles
Non-Motorized Vehicles
AFFORDABILITY
Average Pump price for Super Gasoline (US$/liter)
Average Pump price for Diesel Fuel (US$/liter)
Spending on Transport (%Household Expenditure)
Average Rail Tariff
Freight (US$/ton-Km)
Passenger (US$/Passenger-km)
Ports Handling Costs (US$)
QUALITY
Travel Time (minutes/one-way work trip)
Paved Roads (in fair/good conditions) (%of total roads)
Rate-Injury Accidents (per 100M vehicle-km)
Transport Supply Quality (index based on quality perception)
Port Facilities Quality (index based on quality perception)
Railroads Quality (index based on quality perception)
Air Transport Quality (index based on quality perception)
TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS
Transport Modes - Modal Structure (%work trips per mode)
DRAFT
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The Infrastructure Database
Transport at a Glance
Non-Readily Available Performance Indicators for Transport
ACCESS
Access to 'Formal' Service (% of population)
Access to 'Informal' Service (% of population)
AFFORDABILITY
Average Passenger Tariff (US$passenger-Km) ???
Inter-city
Intra-city
Rural
Average Freight Tariff (US$/ton-Km) ????
Inter-city
Intra-city
Rural
Theoretical Expenditure on Subsistence Level (%Household Income)
QUALITY
Total Time Travelling (minutes/day/household)
TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS
Information on Seaport Traffic
EFFICIENCY
Technical Efficiency Index
FISCAL COST
Capital
Recurrent
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
Return on Equity
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Decentralized Management (yes/no)
DRAFT
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The Infrastructure Database
ICT at a Glance
"Readily Available" Performance Indicators for ICT
ACCESS
Telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants
Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants
Cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants
Mainlines per 100 inhabitants outside largest city
International Voice Traffic (mins)
Internet Users per 100 inhabitants
Personal computers per 1000 inhabitants
Internet Hosts per 100 inhabitants
Number of Internet Service Providers
Number of letter-post items posted per inhabitant
Total postal savings account deposits (US$) as % of GDP
Radios per 1000 inhabitants
AFFORDABILITY
Cost of local phone call (US$ per 3 mins)
Cost of phone call to US (US$ per 3 mins)
Cost of cellular local call (US$ per 3 off-peak minutes)
Internet Service Provider access charges ($ per 30 off-peak hours)
QUALITY
Phone faults per 100 mainlines
Unmet Demand: Waiting list for fixed phone line as % of fixed subscribers
DRAFT
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The Infrastructure Database
ICT at a Glance
Non-Readily Available Performance Indicators for ICT
EFFICIENCY
Technical Efficiency Index
FISCAL COST
Capital
Recurrent
FINANCIAL AUTONOMY
Telecom: Revenue
Postal: Net revenue
Return on Equity
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Telecom: Independence of regulator (Y/N)
Telecom: Percentage ownership of the incumbent operator
Telecom: Local PSTN Service competition (Full, Partial, Monopoly)
Telecom: Mobile competition (Full, Partial, Monopoly)
Telecom: International Long Distance competition (Full, Partial Monopoly)
Telecom: Leased Lines Competition (Full, Partial, Monopoly)
IT: ISP Competition (Full, Partial, Monopoly)
Postal: Monopoly threshold of item to be mailed (grams)
Postal: Number of other operators in the letter-post sector
DRAFT
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