Transcript Organic chemistry - Mr. Amundson`s DCC science

Organic chemistry
Carbon!
Organic Chemistry
 What
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are isomers?
Isomers have the same formula, but different
structures.
http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.19/page_id_14587.html
Organic Chemistry
 What
are primary, secondary and tertiary
carbons?
http://www.tutornext.com/help/primary-hydrogen-atoms
Organic Chemistry
 What
trends do organic molecules
display?
 Volitility: (IM forces)
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Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone
> alcohol > carboxylic acid
 Solubility:
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The longer the chain, the less soluble.
The more polar the functional group, the more
soluble.
Organic Chemistry
 What
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do we know about alkanes?
General formula is CnH(2n+2)
Saturated hydrocarbons
Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity.
Combust well
Very non-polar
Undergo substitution reactions with halogens
to make halogen alkanes under UV light.
Organic Chemistry
 What
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do we know about alkenes?
Have the formula CnH2n
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen
(hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or
hydrogen halides
Polymerization will change a monomer into a
polymer.
Organic Chemistry

What do we know about alcohols?
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Have OH functional group.
General formula CnH(2n+1)OH
OH group increases polarity.
Combust easily
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic
acid under oxidation
Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation.
Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize.
Organic Chemistry
 What
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do we know about halogenalkanes?
They have the general formula CnH(2n+1)X
where X is the halogen.
The halogen group can be replaced with a
substitution reaction to create many things.
Primary halogenalkanes go though SN2
mechanism.
Tertiary halogenalkanes go through SN1
mecanism
Organic Chemistry

What is SN2?
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First is the slow step of OH attaching to central
carbon of primary halogenalkane.
The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol.
The first step is the rate determining making it
dependent on the concentration of both.
This makes it bimolecular.
S=substitution
N=nucleophilic
2=bimolecular
Organic Chemistry

What is SN1?
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The shape causes a steric hinderance (shape
problems).
First the molecule has to ionize, breaking the carbonhalogen bond (carbocation) which is slow.
When it is open, the OH group attaches quickly.
The first step is rate determining and depends only on
one molecule.
S=substitution
N=nucleophilic
1=unimolecular
Organic Chemistry
 What

are the reaction pathways?
These are steps an organic compound can go
through to reach a new compound.
dihalogenalkane
alkane
Halogenalkane
Trihalogenalkane
tetrahalogenalkane
alkene
alcohol
Primary
secondary
Carboxylic
aldehyde
ketone