Transcript Organic Chemistry Unit

Organic
Chemistry
Unit
What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of
carboncontaining
compounds
made up of
non-metal
elements
(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?
Yes or No
 Na2CO3
C2H6
C4H6Br2F2
No
Yes!
Yes!
Importance of Carbon
Found in Nature ( in Earth’s crust 17th
most abundant)
 As an element
 In compounds
 Found in all living matter
 Found in body tissue
 Found in food
 Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)

Forms of Carbon

Term = Allotrope
Same element
 Different bonding pattern
 Different arrangement

•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerene
Diamond

Tetrahedrally oriented

Hardest material known

Most dense form of Carbon

High melting point

Conducts heat

Does not conduct electricity
Graphite






Layers of hexagonal
plates
Soft
Feels greasy
Crumbles easily
High melting point
Conducts electricity
Fullerene







Discovered in mid 1980s
Found in soot
Spherical cages of carbon
Hexagons and pentagons
Most stable is C60
C60 = Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball
No known uses
Diversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon
•
Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and
rings
• Cyclohexane, ball and stick model
•
Term = Catenation
Figure 3.1x5
Carbon bonds to elements

Carbon readily
bonds to :
–
–
–
–
–
H
O
N
S
Halogens
 Cl, Br, F,I

Hydrocarbons
– Simplest
organic
compounds
– Only contain
Carbon and
Hydrogen
(CaHb)
Formulas
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Molecular Formula
Indicates
 # of atoms
 Types of atoms
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
•
•
•
# of atoms
Type of atoms
Bonding Arrangement

Structural formulas  Condensed
show all bonds in
structural formulas
compound
only show bonds
between carbon
atoms
CH3CHCH3

CH3
Arrangement of Atoms
 Compounds
that

As # of carbon atoms
goes up
have:
 # of isomers goes up
– Same molecular
– C8  18 isomers
formula
– C9  35 isomers
– Different structure
– C10  75 isomers
or arrangement
– C40 
– Called ISOMERS
69,491,178,805,831
Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms
are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the
arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
We are going to study:
 Alkanes
 Ethers
 Alkenes
 Esters
 Alkynes
 Aldehydes
 Aromatics
 Ketones
 Alcohols
 Amines