Organic Chemistry Unit
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Transcript Organic Chemistry Unit
Organic
Chemistry
Unit
What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of
carboncontaining
compounds
made up of
non-metal
elements
(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?
Yes or No
Na2CO3
No
C2H6
Yes!
C4H6Br2F2
Yes!
Why Carbon??
Found in all living matter
Found in body tissue
Found in food
Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)
Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)
Forms of Carbon
Term = Allotrope
Same element
Different bonding pattern
Different arrangement
•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerene
Diamond
Tetrahedrally oriented
Hardest material known
Most dense form of Carbon
High melting point
Conducts heat
Does not conduct electricity
Graphite
Layers of hexagonal
plates
Soft
Feels greasy
Crumbles easily
High melting point
Conducts electricity
Fullerene
Discovered in mid 1980s
Found in soot
Spherical cages of carbon
Most stable is C60
Resembles geodesic dome
C60 = Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball
Diversity of Organic Chemistry
Due to uniqueness of Carbon
•
Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and
rings
• Cyclohexane, ball and stick model
•
Term = Catenation
Figure 3.1x5
Carbon bonds to elements
Carbon readily
bonds to :
–
–
–
–
–
H
O
N
S
Halogens
Cl, Br, F,I
Hydrocarbons
– Simplest
organic
compounds
– Only contain
Carbon and
Hydrogen
(CxHy)
Formulas
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Molecular Formula
Indicates
# of atoms
Types of atoms
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
•
•
•
# of atoms
Type of atoms
Bonding Arrangement
Structural formulas Condensed
show all bonds in
structural formulas
compound
only show bonds
between carbon
atoms
CH3CHCH3
CH3
Arrangement of Atoms
Compounds
that
As # of carbon atoms
goes up
have:
# of isomers goes up
– Same molecular
– C8 18 isomers
formula
– C9 35 isomers
– Different structure
– C10 75 isomers
or arrangement
– C40
– Called ISOMERS
69,491,178,805,831
Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms
are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the
arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
We are going to study:
Alkanes
Ethers
Alkenes
Esters
Alkynes
Aldehydes
Aromatics
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines