Transcript Organic Chemistry Unit

Organic
Chemistry
Introduction
Intro to Organic Chemistry
At the conclusion of our time
together, you should be able to:
1. Define organic chemistry
2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon
3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural
isomers and geometric isomers
4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to
40.
•Things my moTher TaughT me…
•TIME TRAVEL.
•
"If you don't straighten up, I'm going to
knock you into the middle of next week!"
What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of
carbon-containing
compounds
made up of
non-metal elements
(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?
Yes or No

Na2CO3
No
C2H6
Yes!
C4H6Br2F2
Yes!
Why Carbon??
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Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)
 Element
 Compound
Found in all living matter
Found in body tissue
Found in food
Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)
Murphy's Laws
of
Science and Technology
•You can never tell which way the train went by
looking at the tracks
Forms of Carbon

Term = Allotrope
 Same element
 Different bonding pattern
 Different arrangement
•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerene
Diamond

Tetrahedrally oriented

Hardest material known

Most dense form of Carbon

High melting point

Conducts heat

Does not conduct electricity
Graphite




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Layers of hexagonal
plates
Soft
Feels greasy
Crumbles easily
High melting point
Conducts electricity
Fullerene
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Discovered in mid 1980s
Found in soot
Spherical cages of
carbon
Hexagons and pentagons
Most stable is C60
C60 =
Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball
No known uses
•Another Why - Maxine
•If a pig loses its voice,
•is it disgruntled?
Diversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Cyclohexane, ball and stick model
• Term = Catenation
Figure 3.1x5
Carbon bonds to elements

Carbon readily
bonds to :
–H
–O
–N
–S
– Halogens
 Cl, Br, F,I

Hydrocarbons
– Simplest organic
compounds
– Only contain
Carbon and
Hydrogen
(CxHy)
Formulas
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Molecular Formula
Indicates
 # of atoms
 Types of atoms
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
•
•
•
# of atoms
Type of atoms
Bonding Arrangement

Structural formulas  Condensed
show all bonds in
structural formulas
compound
only show bonds
between carbon
atoms
CH3CHCH3

CH3
Arrangement of Atoms
Compounds that
have:
– Same molecular
formula
– Different
structure or
arrangement
– Called
ISOMERS

As # of carbon atoms
goes up
 # of isomers goes up
– C8  18 isomers
– C9  35 isomers
– C10  75 isomers
– C40 
69,491,178,805,831
Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms
are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the
arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
15 Helpful Hints On The Lab Report from
Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!
Hint #8. Do not believe in miracles –
rely on them.
We are going to study:
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Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
Alcohols
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Ethers
Esters
Aldehydes
Ketones
Amines
Some Simple Alkanes
(CnH2n+2)
•2-methylpropane
The Scientific Method
begins with
Questions about the World Around
You.
Ever Wonder Why?...
phonetic isn't spelled like it sounds?
The n-Alkanes
CH4
•home heating
C2H6
•alcohol production
•gas grills
C3H8
C4H10 •flick your bic
C5H12
C6H14
•dry cleaners 5-6
C7H16
methane
ethane
•kerosene ~ 12
propane
C11H24 undecane
butane
C12H26 dodecane
pentane
C13H28 tridecane
hexane
C14H30 tetradecane
heptane
C15H32 pentadecane
C8H18 •gasoline 7-9
octane
•motor oil ~ 16
C9H20
nonane
•petroleum jelly 20
C10H22
decane
•tar ~ 25
•wax ~ 40
Boiling Points
•Another Why - Maxine
•If 4 out of 5 people SUFFER
from diarrhea...
•does that mean that one out of
five enjoys it?
Intro to Organic Chemistry
Let’s see if you can:
1. Define organic chemistry
2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon
3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural
isomers and geometric isomers
4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to
40.
What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of
carbon-containing
compounds
made up of
non-metal elements
(covalent bonds)
Diversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Cyclohexane, ball and stick model
• Term = Catenation
Figure 3.1x5
Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms
are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the
arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
The n-Alkanes
CH4
•home heating
C2H6
•alcohol production
•gas grills
C3H8
C4H10 •flick your bic
C5H12
C6H14
•dry cleaners 5-6
C7H16
methane
ethane
•kerosene ~ 12
propane
C11H24 undecane
butane
C12H26 dodecane
pentane
C13H28 tridecane
hexane
C14H30 tetradecane
heptane
C15H32 pentadecane
C8H18 •gasoline 7-9
octane
•motor oil ~ 16
C9H20
nonane
•petroleum jelly 20
C10H22
decane
•tar ~ 25
•wax ~ 40
Redneck Wedding: They have some
different traditions…