Transcript Unit 7: Powerpoint for p. 3-5 notes

Organic
Chemistry
Introduction
What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of
carbon-containing
compounds
made up of
non-metal elements
(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?
Yes or No
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Na2CO3
No
C2H6
Yes!
C4H6Br2F2
Yes!
Why Carbon??
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Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)
 Element
 Compound
Found in all living matter
Found in body tissue
Found in food
Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)
Forms of Carbon
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Term = Allotrope
 Same element
 Different bonding pattern
 Different arrangement
•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerene
Diamond
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Tetrahedrally oriented
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Hardest material known
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Most dense form of Carbon
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High melting point
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Conducts heat
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Does not conduct electricity
Graphite
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Layers of hexagonal
plates
Soft
Feels greasy
Crumbles easily
High melting point
Conducts electricity
Fullerene
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Discovered in mid 1980s
Found in soot
Spherical cages of
carbon
Hexagons and pentagons
Most stable is C60
C60 =
Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball
No known uses
Diversity of Organic Chemistry
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Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Cyclohexane, ball and stick model
• Term = Catenation
Figure 3.1x5
Carbon bonds to elements
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Carbon readily
bonds to :
–H
–O
–N
–S
– Halogens
 Cl, Br, F,I
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Hydrocarbons
– Simplest organic
compounds
– Only Must contain
Carbon and
Hydrogen
(CxHy)
Formulas
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Molecular Formula
Indicates
 # of atoms
 Types of atoms
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
•
•
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# of atoms
Type of atoms
Bonding Arrangement
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Structural formulas  Condensed
show all bonds in
structural formulas
compound
only show bonds
between carbon
atoms
CH3CHCH3

CH3
Arrangement of Atoms
isomers
• Compounds that
have:
– Same molecular
formula
– Different
structure or
arrangement
– Called isomers
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As # of carbon atoms
goes up
 # of isomers goes up
– C8  18 isomers
– C9  35 isomers
– C10  75 isomers
– C40 
69,491,178,805,831
Example of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms
are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the
arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple
bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
We are going to study:
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Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
Alcohols
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Ethers
Esters
Aldehydes
Ketones
Amines