Transcript Organic Chemistry

Rules for Bonding in
Organic Chemistry
• Every atom but Hydrogen MUST have 8
electrons while bonded. The Octet Rule!
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Carbon forms 4 bonds (C has 4 valence e-)
Nitrogen forms 3 bonds (N has 5 valence e-)
Oxygen forms 2 bonds (O has 6 valence e-)
Hydrogen forms 1 bond (H breaks the octet rule)
Halogens form 1 bond (all have 7 valence e-)
Organic Chemistry
• Rules for naming organic compounds
– Determine longest straight carbon chain
– Locate All Functional Groups
– Follow rules for All Functional Groups
• Organic Compounds are made from nonmetals forming covalent bonds with each
other.
The Big Eight Functional Groups
of Organic Compounds
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Alcohols
Aldehydes
Amines
Carboxylic Acids
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Esters
Ethers
Halides
Keytones
Identifying Alcohols
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..
R-O-H
..
an oxygen atom is inserted between any carbon atom
and one of its hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
To Name: # of C the “O” is bound to -hydrocarbon
and change the ending “-e” to “-ol”
Example: H H H
..
H-C-C-C-O-H
..
1-propanol
HHH
Naming and Drawing Alcohols
HHHH
..
H-C-C-C-C-O-H
..
H HHH
HH
H-C-C-H
H :O:
H
1-butanol
ethanol
Identifying Aldehydes
A Terminal carbonyl group (C=O) on a
carbon chain. :O:
R– C – H
To Name: Name the carbon chain, add the
ending “-al” rather than “e”
Example: H H :O:
H-C-C- C-H
propanal
HH
Naming and Drawing Aldehydes
H :O:
H–C– C–H
H
_______________
ethanal
H H H H :O:
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
HHHH
pentanal
Identifying Amines
• A terminal -NH2 group on a carbon chain.
• To Name: carbon chain “-yl” “amine”
HH H
..
• Example: H–C C – C – N-H
HH H H
Propyl amine
Naming and Drawing Amines
H H H H
..
H–C – C – C – C – N –H
H H H H H
H H
H–N.. – C –H
H
Butyl amine
____________
Methyl amine
Identifying Carboxylic Acids
:O:
..
A terminal R-C-O-H
group on a carbon chain
..
Name: carbon chain “–oic acid”
H H :O:
..
Example: H–C – C – C-O-H
..
H H
propanoic acid
Naming and Drawing
Carboxylic Acids
H :O:
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H–C – C -O-H
..
H
ethanoic acid
H H H H :O:
..
H–C – C – C – C – C-O-H
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H H H H
Pentanoic acid
Identifying Esters
:O:
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A carbon chain broken by R–C- O-R’
..
To Name: C=O chain“-yl” long chain “-oate”
H :O: H H H
..
Example:H-C – C-O-CC-C-H
..
H
H H H
Ethyl propanoate
Naming and Drawing Esters
H H :O: H H H H
..
butanoate
H-C-C- C-O-C-CC-C-H Propyl
__________
..
HH
HH HH
H :O: H
..
H-C- C-O-C-H
..
H
H
ethyl methanoate
Identifying Ethers
• An oxygen atom breaks up a chain of
carbon atoms into two chains: R-O-R’
To Name: short carbon chain “-yl”, long
carbon chain”-yl” “ether”
Example: H H H H H H H
..
H-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H
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HH HH HHH
Propyl-butyl ether
Naming and Drawing Ethers
HHHHHH HHHH
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H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-H
..
H H H H H H H H H H Butyl hexyl ether
H HHH
..
H-C-O-C-C-C-H
..
H HHH
methyl propyl ether
Identifying Halides
• A hydrogen has been replaced by one of the
halogens (F, Cl, Br, I orAt)
• To Name: “# carbon of substitution”“prefix of halogen–o” – “longest carbon
chain”
• Example:
HHHHHH
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
3-chloro-hexane
H H Cl H H H
Naming and Drawing Halides
HH HFH
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
HHHHH
H Br H
H-C-C-C-H
H HH
2 – fluoro-pentane
________________
2-bromo-propane
:O: Identifying
R–C–R’
Keytones
An oxygen atom is doubly bound to a carbon
atom in the middle of a carbon chain
To Name: carbon chain with the # carbon of
the carbonyl group ending in “-one”
Example: H :O: H H H
H-C –C – C-C C -H
2-pentanone
H
HHH
Naming Keytones
H H :O: H H H H
H-C-C–C–C-C-C-C-H
HH
HHHH
3-heptanone
H :O: H H H H
H-C – C – C -C-C-C-H
2-hexanone
H
H HHH