Transcript Organic Chemistry Chapter 2 - Snow College | It's SNOWing

Organic Chemistry
Chapter 2
Organic Functional Groups
R – WHAT???
R – OH
C – OH
C – C – OH
C – C – C – C – OH
Ohh, I get it – They
are all alcohols???
Naming Strait Chains
Substituents
Halogen Substituents - F(Floro) Cl (Chloro) Br (Bromo) I (Iodo)
Naming Rules
1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Circle the longest chain
3. Number the chain starting at the end
with closest substituent
4. Name the substituents
5. Name the longest chain
Naming Tips
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•
•
•
•
When two or more substituents are on the
same carbon, use the number twice.
When two or more substituents are identical,
use prefixes
When two chains are the same length, use the
one with the most substituents on it.
If substituents are at equall distances from the
ends of the chain, go to the next substituent.
Iso and cyclo are included alphabetically, di, tri,
tetra, sec, tert are not
Using Common Names
The alkyl group followed by the name
of the functional group
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH – pentyl alcohol
CH3CH2CH2OH – propylalcohol
Notice no space in propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 – butyl amine
Degree Designation
Naming Cyclics
• Add the prefix cyclo to the name of the
number of carbons
• If there are substituents, name them
first with numbers producing the
lowest value
• If the carbon chain has more carbons
than the cyclic, name it as a substituent
1
3
2 1-bromo-3-ethylcyclopentane
4
5
1 Br
2
3
4
5
6
7
3-cyclopropylheptane
Naming Ethers
• Name the two alkyl substituents in
alphabetical order and then add either.
• If identical use di, tri,…..
• IUPAC – replace yl ending with oxy
O
O
butyl hexyl ether
1-butoxy-2,3-dimethylpentane
Degree of alcohol
Naming Alcohols
• Longest chain should include the OH group
• Number chain giving the alcohol the lower number
• To name, replace e to ol
6
Br
4
7
Br
5
3
2
4
1
5
2
6
OH
5,6-dibromo-3-heptanol
3 Br
7
1
OH
3-bromocycloheptanol
OH
1
5
3
2
4
9
7
6
8
3-propyl-2-nonanol
Degree of Amine
Naming Amines
• List the name of each alkyl group attached to
the nitrogen and then add amine
• Name is written as one word
• For four groups attached to a nitrogen, use
alkyl groups and then ammonium
• IUPAC – replace the e with amine
• N – designates the alkyl group is attached to
the N and not a C
Naming Amines
Naming Amines
Structure of Alkyl Halides,
Alcohols, Ethers and Amines
• Read through pages 92-93 in book
Boiling Points
• The larger the molecular weight the
greater the boiling point
• The greater the number of branches the
lower the boiling point
• The greater number of electronegative
atoms the higher the boiling point
Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen bond
Attraction between molecules that have a Hydrogen connected
to a F, O or N
Very strong attractive force – breaks pipes in the winter
Responsible for Surface Tension
Dipole Force – Attraction due to different electronegativities
Disperson, london, or van der Waals force
Produced from temporary dipoles
Read through section in book and be familiar
Surface Tension
Melting Points
• Melting points follow the same rules as
boiling points with the addition of
crystal packing.
• This makes them less predictable
Solubility
• The rough rule for organic solubility is
that it takes one polar group for each 4
carbons to get it to dissolve in water
Rotation in Ethane
Rotation in Butane
Cyclohexane
Cis and Trans
Axial / Equatorial