Transcript Naming organic compounds

Naming organic compounds
Naming organic compounds
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The basic rules
There are some general rules which you
should remember when naming organic
compounds:
The longest unbranched chain containing the
functional group is the parent molecule or
simply the longest unbranched chain for
alkanes. Remember that the longest chain
can go round a bend.
Indicate the position of the functional group
with a number, numbering from the end
nearest the functional group.
Name the branches and indicate the number
of branches.
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Indicate the position of the branches with a
number, numbering from the end nearest the
functional group.
If there is more than one branch, the
branches are identified in alphabetical order
ignoring any di, tri etc.
Be aware!
Each branch needs to be numbered
individually, even if they are attached to the
same carbon atom.
The rule is a comma between numbers and a
dash between numbers and letters.
Naming alkanes, alkenes
and alkynes
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Alkanes
The alkanes don't contain a functional group
and so the branches are numbered from the
end that gives the lowest set of position
numbers for the branches.
Use the above rules to see how the names of
the alkanes below are built up.
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Alkenes and alkynes
The functional group in the alkenes is the
carbon to carbon double bond.
The functional group in the alkynes is the
carbon to carbon triple bond.
The basic rules of naming apply.
The position of the double or triple bond is
indicated by a number before the -ene or -yne
part of the name.
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
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Alcohols
The functional group in the alcohols is the
hydroxyl group (-OH).
Alcohols end in the letters -ol
The basic rules of naming apply.
The position of the hydroxyl functional group
is indicated by a number before the -ol part of
the name.
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
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Be aware!
Alcohols can also be termed primary,
secondary or tertiary.
Primary has the -OH on the end of a chain.
Secondary has the -OH on a non-branched
carbon atom along the chain.
Tertiary has the -OH on a branched carbon
atom along the chain.
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
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Aldehydes
All aldehydes contain a carbonyl functional
group. The carbonyl group will never have a
position number in an aldehyde as it is
always on the end of the carbon chain.
Aldehydes end in the letters -al.
The basic rules of naming apply.
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
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Ketones
Ketones also contain a carbonyl functional
group but in ketones it is never on the end of
a carbon chain.
Ketones end in the letters -one.
The naming rules in part 1 apply as before.
Naming alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones
Naming carboxilic acids and
esters
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Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl
functional group (-COOH) The carboxyl
group will never have a position number
in a carboxylic acid as it is always on
the end of the carbon chain.
Carboxylic acids end in -oic acid.
The basic rules of naming apply.
Naming carboxilic acids and
esters
Naming carboxilic acids and
esters
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An ester is made from an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid.
Esters have their own rules for naming.
The first part of the name comes from the
alcohol and it ends with the letters -yl.
The second part of the name comes from the
carboxylic acid and it ends with the letters oate.
Naming carboxilic acids and
esters
Name of
Alcohol
Name of
Carboxylic
acid
propanoic
acid
Name of
ester
Butanol
methanoic
acid
butyl
methanoate
Pentanol
ethanoic acid pentyl
ethanoate
Ethanol
ethyl
propanoate