Transcript Computer Fundamentals

Introduction to
Computers
Day 1
Basic Machine Architecture
Input
Unit/s
Output
Unit/s
Processing
Unit/s
Basic Machine Architecture
• Each and every machine consists of three unit/s
– Input unit/s
– Processing Unit/s
– Output Unit/s
• Mechanical Machine
– Mortar/ Grinding Machine
• Input – Grains (Rice, Wheat, Corn)
• Process – Pounding/ Grinding
• Expected Output – Flour
• Electrical Machine (High Voltage/ Conductors)
– Washing Machine
• Input – Dirty Cloth
• Process – Washing
• Output – Clean Cloth
• Electronic Machine (Low Voltage/ Semi Conductors)
– Calculator
• Input – Numbers/ Digits
• Process – Addition/ Subtraction/ Multiplication/ Division
• Output – Calculated Result/ Answer
Basic Computer Architecture
Input
Unit/s
Memory Unit
Processing
Unit
Output
Unit/s
Basic Computer Architecture
• Input Unit/s
• Processing Unit/ Central Processing Unit/ Processor/
Microprocessor
• Memory Unit
• Output Unit/s
• Physical Circuits - Hardware
• Circuit Manipulation Programs – Software
• Software loaded into the memory unit
• Processing Unit executes Software instructions in
memory and Computer act as a multi tasking machine
• Persons who used Computers – Liveware
• Input and output units – Peripherals
• Most important concept behind the computer is memory
unit
• Memory unit stored data and programs/ software
• Computer System : Hardware and Software
Basic Computer Architecture
• Computer is a machine which process data
• Anything can be data
–
–
–
–
Characters, Words
Colors, Pictures
Sounds
Video clips
• Computer is an electronic device which inputs, stores and
manipulates data and output the information
• Information
– Processed data
– Meaningful data
• Computer is a device that works under the control of
stored programs/ software, automatically accepting,
storing and processing data to produce information that is
the result of that processing.
Functions of a Computer
• What is a Computer?
RAW DATA &
FACTS
INFORMATION
What is a Computer?
A Computer is a programmable, multipurpose
machine that accepts data (e.g. raw data, facts &
figures) and processes, or manipulates it into
information we can use, such as summaries or
totals
E.g.
An automatic teller machine (ATM) computes
the deposits and withdrawals to give you the total
in your account.
What is a Computer?
Input
Eyes, Ears
Process
Output
Voice, Write
What is a Computer?
A
B
C
10
20
30
60
Data: (ISO) A representation of facts, concepts or instructions
in a formalised manner suitable for communication,
interpretation or processing by human beings or by automatic
means.
Letters, numbers, colours, symbols, shapes,
temperatures, sound or other facts and figures
are data suitable for processing.
Information: (ISO) The meaning that is applied to data by
means of the conversions applied to that data. I.e. processed
data.
What is a Computer?
Computer: (ISO) A programmable functional unit that
consists of one or more associated processing units and
peripheral equipment, that is controlled by internally stored
programs and that can perform substantial computation,
including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations,
without human intervention during a run.
A computer may be a stand-alone unit or may consist
of several interconnected units.
Characteristics of Computers
• Speed
– High speed electronic data processing machine
– Speed based on electricity and the computer architecture (Bus
speed, Cache memory)
• Accuracy
– Computer executes instructions in software programs
• Diligence
– Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, lack of concentration
• Versatility
– Multi tasking machine
– Multimedia machine
• Automation
– Under control of software programs the computer automatically
accepting, storing and processing data to produce information
• Power of Remembering
– Computer can store and recall any amount of data and
information from storage devices
Characteristics of Computers
•
Intelligence
– Non intelligence machine
– Task based on software
– Software can not create itself
• Creativity
– Non creativity machine
• Feelings
– No feelings
– Everything based on computer programs or software
End User
End User
Software
System Software
Software
Application Software
Hardware
System Software
Hardware
Application Software
System Software
•
System Software
– Operating System (MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Unix, Linux, Sun
Solaris, Macintosh)
– Bootstrap Loader
• Loading the operating system to memory (Booting)
• Fixed program on electronic circuits
• Boot sequence can change using CMOS Setup (Press Ctrl+Delete on
booting)
– Diagnostic Routine
• Fixed program on electronic circuits
• Checking the connected devices
• Program run before running the bootstrap loader
– Basic Input Output System/ BIOS
• Fixed program on electronic circuit (Read only Memory/ ROM)
• Controlling the input, ouput devices and device drivers
Application Software
•
Word processing & type setting software
– Word Star, Corel Word Perfect, MS- Word, Adobe Page Maker, Quark
Express
• Spreadsheet & accounting software
– Lotus, MS-Excel, Accpac, MYOB, Sage
• Presentation software
– MS-Power Point
• Database management system software/ DBMS
– Dbase, MS-Visual Foxpro, MS-Access, MS-SQL Server, Oracle, Informix
• Image processing and photo editing software
– Adobe Photoshop
• Graphic designing software
– Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Adobe In design, Macromedia Free Hand
• Web designing software
– MS-Front Page, Macromedia Dream weaver, Macromedia Flash,
Macromedia Swish
Application Software
• 3D Animating software
– 3D Studio Max, Maya
• 2D Cartoon animating software
– Macromedia Flash, Moho
• Video & sound editing software
– Adobe After Effects
– Adobe Premier
– Sound Froge
• Computer aided designing software/ CAD
– Auto CAD
– Architecture Desktop
• Computer aided manufacturing software/ CAM
• Utility software
– Compression software (Winzip, Winrar)
– Anti virus software (Norton, Macfee, AVG, PC-Cillin)
– Audio and media player software (Windows media player, Power VCD,
Winamp)
Why Computers Needed?
• Hand over our recursive & tedious work to
the computer
• Typewriter
• Card file
System
Word Processor/Printer
Database Management
Computer Architecture
• Input Units/ Devices
• Memory
– Primary Memory
• Random Access Memory RAM
• Read Only Memory
– Secondary Memory/ External Storage
• Central Processing Unit/ Microprocessor
– Arithmetic and Logic Unit/ ALU
– Control Unit/ CU
• Output Units/ Devices
Components of a Computer System
External Storage
Internal Storage
Input Units
Arithmetic &
Logic Unit
Control Unit
Output Units
What does a Computer do?
• Input Operations
• Arithmetic Operations
• Logic Operations
• Output Operations
• Storage Operations
What does a Computer do?
• Input Operations
– computer can accepts data & instructions.
• Arithmetic Operations
– Computer can process arithmetic operations such
as Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction & Division
• Logic Operations
– Computer can perform logic operation such as
AND, OR, NOT ….
What does a Computer do?
• Output Operations
– Computer can produce an output as a screen
view, as a hard copy, as a sound output.
• Storage Operations
– Computer can store a large amount of data &
programs permanently & perform tasks later.