Transcript Slide 1

Business Continuity and Data Security
Leo Craig
Leo Craig
Sales Manager
Riello Galatrek Ltd
UK Subsidiary of Riello Elettronica srl
Power Quality
UPS Technologies
Specification Considerations
Poor Power Quality
Leo Craig
"Power Quality" - words that either mean absolutely nothing,
or are absolutely vital to you.
Source www.marcspages.co.uk
General definition:
Poor Power Quality is any variation in electric power resulting in
malfunction or failure of equipment.
General effect:
Loss of Data
Loss of Time
Premature Equipment Failure
General result:
Loss of Revenue
Loss of Customers
Costs MONEY!
Power Quality
Leo Craig
GRID & Distribution Codes
Stipulates max / min values of voltage, frequency etc.
BS EN 61000-4-7 (G5/4)
Harmonics limits and regulations
BS EN 50160
Details typical disturbances found on the system.
BS EN 61000-4-15
Flicker measurement limits and methods
BS EN 61000-4-30
Class A & B for monitoring compliancy
Power Disturbances
Leo Craig
Blackout – Power failure
Surge, over-voltage
Sag, under-voltage
Component
Hard
Component
Equipment
Data
CPU
PSU
Drive
corruption
Damage
damage
damage
Damage
Failure
stress
Voltage Spikes
High frequency noise
Frequency variation
Waveshape faults – Frequency shift or Harmonics
Where do disturbances come from?
Leo Craig
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bird strike- O/H lines
Wind – O/H lines
Lightning – O/H lines mostly
Equipment failure
Operational errors
Aggravating factors
–
–
Auto reclosers
Fault tracing
Where do disturbances come from?
Leo Craig
Inside the building !
 Factory equipment
 Office equipment
 Air conditioning and
elevator drive motors
The Effects of Power Disturbances
Leo Craig
A typical mains supply is quite polluted.
Electrical Noise
& Transients
62.6/Month
48.79%
Mains
Failures
0.6/Month
0.47%
Reference: George W. Allen and
Donald Segall, IBM Systems
Development Division. “Monitoring
of Computer Installations for Power
Line Disturbances” 1974.
Sags, Surges
& Brownouts
14.4/Month
11.22%
Spikes
Transients
50.7/Month
39.52%
Did You Know!
Leo Craig
A typical computer system is subjected to more than 125 potentially
devastating power disturbances each month.
source - Business Week
Every hour of downtime for a typical mid-sized network costs its owner
£18,000.
source - Business Week
One-third of all data loss is caused by power problems.
source - Business Week
Half of all computer problems are traced to the power line.
source - Business Week
Poor power quality costs U.S. businesses more than $26 billion each year!
source - Business Week
According to Larry Owens of Silicon Valley Power, a blackout costs Sun
Microsystems
"up to $1 million per minute."
source- www.nrel.gov
Network DOWNTIME costs:
£50,000 per hour when one megabyte of data needs to be restored or recreated
£18,000 an hour for a PC network
£90,000 for the transportation industry
£6.5 million for large brokerage houses
source – www.unifiedcomputing.com
CBEMA Voltage Tolerance Curve
Leo Craig
Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) curve
ITIC Voltage Tolerance Curve
Leo Craig
EQUIPMENT DAMAGE RISK
EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION
ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council) formally CBEMA curve
Power Solutions
Leo Craig
Standby
Power
System
Generator
Power
Conditioner
CVT
TVSS
Automatic
Voltage
Stabiliser
(AVS)
UPS
(online) Dual
Conversion
Mains Failures




Sags /
Brownouts


Surges






Spikes /
Transients
High Frequency
Noise







Frequency Variation










Power
Problem

UPS Technologies
Leo Craig
Power Problem
Off-Line
Line Interactive
On-Line
Double Conversion
Mains Failures
























Sags / Brownouts
Surges
Spikes / Transients
High Frequency Noise
Harmonic Distortion
Frequency Variation
No Break Change-over
UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)
Leo Craig
Voltage
Stabiliser
MAINS
INPUT
OUTPUT
LOAD
Battery
Charger
Inverter
UPS
UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)
Leo Craig
Voltage
Stabiliser
MAINS
INPUT
OUTPUT
LOAD
Battery
Charger
Inverter
Normal Operation
UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)
Leo Craig
2-20mSecs
break in supply (£)
Voltage
Stabiliser
MAINS
INPUT
OUTPUT
LOAD
Battery
Charger
Inverter
Mains Failure
£ = Square wave
££ = Stepped or
Quasi sinewave
£££ = Sinewave
On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)
Leo Craig
VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent
MAINS
INPUT
Converter
Inverter
Battery
OUTPUT
LOAD
Static/Maintenance Bypass
On line UPS
On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)
Leo Craig
VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent
MAINS
INPUT
V +/- 20%
45-65Hz
Vac
Vdc
Converter
Inverter
Battery
Static/Maintenance Bypass
NORMAL OPERATION
Vac
OUTPUT
LOAD
V +/- 1%
+/-1%Hz
On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)
Leo Craig
VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent
MAINS
INPUT
Vdc
Converter
Inverter
Battery
Vac
OUTPUT
LOAD
V +/- 1%
Static/Maintenance Bypass
MAINS FAIL
+/-0.05%Hz
On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)
Leo Craig
VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent
MAINS
INPUT
Inverter
Converter
Battery
OUTPUT
LOAD
Vac
Static/Maintenance Bypass
OVERLOAD/FAULT
Specification Considerations
Leo Craig
•
Standards required
•
Requirements of Load
•
Site Considerations
•
Type of System
•
Autonomy (Back-up time)
•
Battery Specification
•
Communications
Standards
Leo Craig
BS EN 62040: UPS Industry standard
•
BS EN 62040-1-1:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General
and safety requirements for UPS used in operator access areas
•
BS EN 62040-1-2:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General
and safety requirements for UPS used in restricted access locations
•
BS EN 62040-3:2001 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). Method of
specifying the performance and test requirements
Standards
Leo Craig
BS EN 62040 replaces the EN50091 standard.
EN50091-1: Uninterruptible Power supply systems; general provisions of safety
EN50091-1-1: Uninterruptible Power supply systems; general provisions of safety used in
areas accessible to operators
EN60950 : ITE Information technology equipment safety
EN50091-2: Uninterruptible Power supply systems (UPS) electromagnetic compatibility
provisions
EN50081-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (immunity)
EN61000-4-2: Immunity: Electro Static Discharge (ESD)
EN61000-4-3: Immunity: Electromagnetic Fields
EN61000-4-4: Immunity: Transient over voltages (BURST)
EN61000-4-5: Immunity: Current surges (Surges)
EN61000-4-11: Low frequency Disturbances
EN50141: Induced radio interference
EN55022: Radio frequency disturbance
ENV50091-3: UPS performance and test provisions
IEC146 : semiconductor electronic converters
IEC529 : degree of protection of casings
European directives
73/23: Low Voltage Directive enforcing CE marking
89/336: electromagnetic compatibility directive enforcing CE marking
Recommendations
Leo Craig
Engineering Recommendation G5/4
Planning levels for Harmonic Voltage Distortion and the connection of non-linear
equipment to transmission systems and distribution networks in the United Kingdom
UPS will put Harmonics back on to the mains
6 Pulse Rectifier typical THD of 20-30%
12 Pulse rectifier typical THD less than 8%.
Filters are required to give a THD less than 5%.
Active or Passive.
G5/4 StatesIf load draws more than 16A / phase an assessment should be made.
If in Doubt - Ask the UPS Manufacturer.
Remember the Building should comply with the standard not just the UPS
Sizing the UPS
Leo Craig
Total load of equipment – Load list
Manufacturers rating plate will always be maximum worst case load
Stated Amps is often rated at 110Vac and 50% less at 230Vac
Using the manufacturers Wattage and VA ratings may over-size the
UPS by up to 50% or worse
Sizing the UPS - Example
Leo Craig
Quantity
Power (w)
Total Power
(w)
Telecoms Switch
2
400
800
Server
4
500
2000
KVM switch
1
150
150
Flat screen TFT
1
100
100
Voice Acquisition Mod
1
650
650
Screening router
2
75
150
LAN switches
13
540
7020
Item
TOTAL POWER REQUIRED Watts
10870
TOTAL POWER REQUIRED Amps
47.26
From the published information the UPS was sized with a load of
10.87kW. A 15kVA UPS that is capable of supplying 12kW was selected.
The running load was estimated to be 6.5kWatts (28Amps) for battery
sizing.
Once Installed, the load was monitored and the maximum RMS current
drawn by the equipment above was 7.3 amps (1.68 kWatts). Power
drawn was 15% of the manufacturers published data.
This is an extreme case but highlights the potential for over-estimating.
Sizing the UPS
Leo Craig
Total load of equipment –
Manufacturers rating plate will always be maximum worst case load
Stated Amps is often rated at 110Vac and 50% less at 230Vac
Using the manufacturers wattage and VA ratings may over-size the
UPS by up to 50% or worse
Measure current – RMS and Peak
Future Power Requirement
Upgrading to ‘Blade or Edge’ servers (1U high servers -450Watts approx)
Rack fully populated could exceed 18kW! ‘Power densities is rising’
What should not be supported
Lighting
Air – conditioning
Photocopiers/non essential printers
Multiple Small or One Large UPS
Leo Craig
Question - Should I select one large UPS of multiple small UPS
in my server room?
Answer - Under most circumstances one large UPS is best
Price per kVA
£600.00
£500.00
£400.00
£300.00
£200.00
£100.00
6k
V
A
10
kV
A
20
kV
A
40
kV
A
80
kV
A
12
0k
V
A
20
0k
V
A
30
0k
V
A
50
0k
V
A
80
0k
V
A
4k
V
A
2k
V
A
1k
V
A
£0.00
• Cheaper per kVA
• Better Build Quality
• Cheaper and Easier Maintenance
• Saves Space
Site Considerations
Leo Craig
•
Physical size of the UPS.
Delivering and positioning – Will it go through the door?
•
Physical weight of the UPS
Can it go up the stairs?
Will it fall through the floor?
•
Location
Access: Installation – Servicing - Security
Floods, Chemicals and Gases.
AC, Soil or water pipes overhead.
Ventilation – Removal of heat
•
Regulations
Fire regulations. EPO requirement?
Site specific regulations Hospitals, military etc
•
Interface with Generator
1.6 times larger minimum than UPS
400kVA Configuration - Options
Leo Craig
400 KVA Single UPS
Cost effective
UPS Fails – No Protection (Raw Mains)
400
200
400
200
200
200
Parallel Redundant 2 x 400 KVA Full
Protection if a UPS Fails
Expensive
400
200
2 x 200 KVA
Build up system 200kVa to 400kVA
UPS Fails – No Protection (Raw Mains)
Expandable System
200
200
N+1 Redundant 3 x 200 KVA
Full Protection if a UPS Fails
Takes up space
Expandable
External Bypass Switch
Leo Craig
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
Mains
Supply
INVERTER
INPUT
MAINS
CRITICAL
LOAD
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
Bypass
Switch.
200kVA Single UPS with External Bypass
Parallel System With External Bypass
Leo Craig
UPS A
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTE
R
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
Mains
Supply
CRITCAL
LOAD
UPS B
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTE
R
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
Bypass
Switch.
200kVA Parallel 2 x100kVA with External Bypass
Parallel Redundant System
Leo Craig
UPS A
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTE
R
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
Mains
Supply
CRITCAL
LOAD
UPS B
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTE
R
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
200kVA Parallel Redundant (2 x200kVA) UPS
(No Bypass Required)
Electrical Infrastructure
Leo Craig
UPS A
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTER
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
Mains
Supply
UPS B
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTER
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
UPS C
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)
BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)
RECTIFIER
INVERTER
INPUT
MAINS
STATIC SWITCH
TO
EXTENSION
BATTERY
CABINET
CRITCAL
LOAD
Autonomy
Leo Craig
Question - How long should the UPS support the load?
Answer - Minimum autonomy as I have a generator!
WRONG!
The autonomy should be as long as it takes to carry out a controlled
shutdown!
Answer – I want to keep going for 2, 4 or 8 hours
WRONG!
Temperature rise will be to great if there’s for no air-conditioning 30-45
minutes.
Take into account load shedding.
Load reduced = increased autonomy & lower heat output
Battery sharing?
Batteries are the weakest component in a UPS!!!
Battery Specification
Leo Craig
Vented - Old Specification,
3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room - gassing. Special Transport
required and Handling. COSHH
Plante – 20 year design life,
3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room – gassing. Special Transport
and handling required. COSHH
NiCad - 20 year design life,
3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room – gassing. Special Transport
required. Due to be banned in Europe 2008! COSHH
Valve Regulated Sealed Lead Acid (VRLA)
5 or 10 year design life and BS6290pt 4. Maintenance free. Used in
office environment. Virtually No gassing. Safe to Transport. Mounted
in any plane.
Recommend to use 2 strings in
single UPS applications
Battery Gassing
Leo Craig
Electrolysis produces Oxygen and Hydrogen on charge
Hydrogen production is 100ml per ah per cell per annum
on float charge
E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 would produce 100ml x 160ah x 4
strings x (4 x 64 cells) NB EN160-6 is 3 cells. (8960kgs
of batteries)
Total 12.3 cubic metres of hydrogen per annum
i.e. 1 cubic metre per month
i.e. 0.04 cubic metres of hydrogen per day.
Result - negligible gas production
H2
O2
Heat Output
Leo Craig
Heat….
Battery on charge is exothermic (gives out heat)
Battery on discharge is endothermic (takes in heat)
- On discharge heat is negligible
- On charge heat is 0.02 watts per ah per 12 volts
E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 gives off 410 watts of heat on charge. (8960kgs)
Room temperature has a greater effect!
Battery Life
Leo Craig
10
8
Room temperature is important!
6
life
10 year Design Life Battery
10 year – 20oC
5 year - 30oC
2.5 year - 40oC
20C
30C
40C
50C
4
2
0
20 30 40 50
Temp
Temperature compensated charging avoids over/undercharge
Life increase of 15% max
Other influences
Quality of Charger will affect the life of the battery
Higher the DC ripple the shorter the battery life.
Fast recharges also shorten the battery life.
COMMUNICATIONS
Leo Craig
•
•
•
•
•
•
Remote Indication – LEDs, LCD, mimics
Volt Free Contacts – BMS
Modem – Remote interrogation by phone
FCT (fixed cell terminals) for remote locations.
24/7 Monitoring – Service Centre
Controlled Shutdown & Monitoring Software
•
•
•
•
•
RS 232 – Direct connection to server/PC
SNMP – Presence on LAN – WWW
Keep critical servers running longer (load shedding)
Real time monitoring
24/7 Monitoring - email alert, SMS, WAP
Leo Craig
Thank you for Listening
Any Questions
www.riello-ups.co.uk
Electrical Review Article on Resilience
www.riello-upspr.co.uk/view/57