Transcript Chuck Berry presentation

Current Trends in the Power Quality Market
February 28, 2006
EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.
93% of all Voltage
sags and outages
are less than 10
seconds in duration
Continuous Power System(CPS)
Diesel Genset
For continuous power
after 10 seconds
UPS
Electronics
ATS
Utility
Power
Battery string
for immediate power
Critical Load
Applications: Data Center
• Brokerage Firms, Credit Card Processing,
Airline/Ticket Reservation Firms, Order
Processing, “Internet Presence”
• Average Cost per Outage: $200k - $6.5M
Applications: Healthcare/Hospital
• MRI, CT, Cath Lab, Nuclear Medicine,
Clinical Lab
• Average Cost Per Outage: ???
Applications: Process Control
• Semiconductor Manufacturing, Refineries,
Petrochemical, Bakeries, Plastic Extrusion…
• J.I.T. Shipments
• Average Cost Per Outage: $40,000 - $2.5M
Costly Downtime!
Industry
Brokerage
Credit Card
Pay Per View
Home Shopping
Catalog Sales
Airline Reservations
Tele-Ticket
Package Shipping
ATM Fees
Source: 7x24 Exchange
Avg cost of downtime ($/hr)
$6,450,000
$2,600,000
$150,000
$113,000
$90,000
$90,000
$69,000
$28,000
$14,400
“Insurance” Considerations
•
•
•
•
Cost of Outage vs. Cost of “Insurance”
Consider 5 year to 10 year life cycle cost
Do Not Forget Maintenance Costs
Which Energy Storage Technology is Best
Suited for the Application?
Battery Technologies:
• 10 Year “VRLA”
– A.k.a. “Maintenance Free”,
“Gel Cell”, AGM
– 3 to 7 year life on most UPS’s
– Fails in “open” or “shorted”
position
– Low cost, most prevalent
Conventional
Grid Design
Improved High Rate
Grid Design
Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year Sealed VRLA
– 12 to 18 year life (depending on
number of outages; environment)
– Fails in “shorted” position
– About 2x initial cost of 10Year
VRLA
Battery Technologies:
• 20 Year “Wet” Cell
– 17 to 20 year life
– Very reliable
– High maintenance, large
footprint, eye wash station…
– About 3x initial cost of 10
Year VRLA
Battery Maintenance
• IEEE Std 1188 - Recommended Practice for Maintenance,
Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications
– Monthly: float voltage, charger output, temperature
measurements
– Quarterly: cell/unit ohmic values; temperature value of
each negative terminal; representative sample of
intercell connection resistances
– Annually: cell-to-cell and terminal connection detail
resistance of the entire battery; AC ripple current and/or
voltage imposed on the battery
Battery Monitoring
• More Prevalent
• “Real Time” Status of
Batteries
• Monitors: Impedance,
Temperature, and Float
Charging Voltage
• Cost = $6k to $10k per
system (installed)
Other Energy Storage Technologies
• Flywheels
• Ultracapacitors
• Lithium Ion Batteries
• Thermal and
Compressed Air
Storage
UPS Electronics Trends
Typical Double Conversion UPS
Oneline
Static
Bypass
6-Pulse
Rectifier
AC
DC
Inverter
DC
AC
Input Filter
Batteries
The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter
Device
DIODE
THYRISTOR
IGBT
IGBT:INSULATED GATE
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier)
Circuit
6 PULSE CONV.
CONV.:CONVERTER
12 PULSE CONV.
PWM CONV.
PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION CONVERTER
6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT
CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT
CURRENT WAVEFORM
Ic
Id
図３.７（５） １２相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形
THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT
P
L
C
AC Input
Voltage
N
AC Input
Current
Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0)
図３.18 PWM制御三相ブリッジコンバータ
INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT
%
1 8
1 6
1 4
6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
1 2
12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
1 0
PWM IGBT CONVERTER
8
6
4
2
0
5f
7f 11f 13f 17f 19f
PWM CONVERTER (2)
• The input power factor is
UNITY (1.0) with PWM converter
0.8 – 0.85 with Thyristor rectifier
Results of IGBT Converter
• Generator Sizing Dependant Upon UPS
Input Requirements
• Linear Current Draw = Smaller Generator
• IEEE 519 – Low Current Harmonics at
Utility Source
INVERTER POWER DEVICE HISTORY
GTO:GATE TURN OFF THYRISTOR
BPT:BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR
THYRISTOR
GTO
IGBT
BPT
IGBT:INSULATED GATE
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
High Speed PWM
Inverter
• Improved output control characteristics
resulting from the use of a high speed
PWM inverter
• 16kHz Switching Frequency
• Supports nonlinear loads with minimal
voltage distortion
“ALL IGBT UPS”
IGBT CONV IGBT INV
Industry Trends
Also…Improving Efficiencies
• UPS efficiencies are up 10% over the past
15 years
• Most large UPS systems are currently over
93% efficient
• In 3 - 5 Years, Most Large UPS Systems
Will Be > 97% Efficient
Other Trends…
• Higher Output Power Factor on UPS
– Match trends in the Computer Power Supply
Market
• Internal Redundancy/Scalability for High
9’s Applications
– Avoid Single Points of Failure
– Maintain High Efficiency
What does all this mean?
It’s dependant on your
susceptibility.
Given the quality of supply do I have to
worry about problems with my
equipment or systems?
What you should be asking…
What is my susceptibility to power
problems?
What is my economic exposure to such
problems?
$$$$$$
The big picture…
It’s the complete electrical
environment, not just the quality of
supply.
What you should be asking…
Does my power system have
the capacity for my present
needs?
How about future growth?
Be proactive!
Thank you for your time!
Chuck Barry
Central Region Sales Manager
Toshiba UPS
8711 Burnet Road, Suite E-55
Austin, TX 78731
Tel. (512) 658-5267
Email: [email protected]