Transcript Energy Conference and Exhibition 2007

Energy Conference
and Exhibition 2007
Best Practices for Energy-Efficiency
in Critical Power Applications
Kit Killingsworth
Power Quality in the US has been
declining due to:




The age of the utility grid
Shortage of infrastructure maintenance
Increase in demand by large critical
processes
Increase in demand by data centers
applications
Clean Reliable Power
is required by:





Data Centers
Hospital Radiology/Imaging Equipment.
Transmitters in Broadcast Stations.
Continuous process applications - Manufacturing
Casinos
Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems
the solution with a catch?

Efficiency losses in UPS’s represent about 5% to
12% of all energy consumed in data
centers…………...High-Performance Buildings for HighTech Industries, Lawrence Livermore Labs
Double Conversion UPS
92% or less Efficiency
Static Bypass Switch
From
Utility
Grid
(480 VAC)
DC
AC
Tuned Filter
“On” or “Off”
AC
480 VDC
DC
To
Critical
Load
(480 VAC)
Minimum battery is 2 cabinets
Battery String
Battery String
Bypass
Contactor
Input
Contactor
Line
Inductor
Static
Switch
Inverter
Fuse
Output
Contactor
Filter
Inductor
“Parallel Online”
Topology 97 %
Efficient.
Flywheel
AC
Utility
DC Converter
DC
AC
Flywheel
Converter
300 KVA Flywheel UPS-14 Sq. Ft.
97% Efficient



Integrated bypass cabinet
 Easier I/O terminations
 Static bypass
 Maintenance bypass
Line conditioning
 voltage regulation
 harmonics cancellation
 power factor
improvement
Field upgradeable to higher
power
Flywheel Energy Storage
Field-replaceable
ball-bearing cartridges
Magnetic bearing
integrated into
field circuit
Field coil
Steel Flywheel,
motor-generator
rotor
Air-gap
armature
Operates in
vacuum
• Provides up to 2 min. of runtime
• Ideal for Bridging power to generators
No permanent
magnets
Footprint Comparison - 600 kVA UPS
Static UPS with Flywheel
Energy Storage 89 sq. ft.
Compact
Power Dense
625 with VRLA Cabinets - 187 sq. ft.
625 with VRLA Cabinets - 190 sq. ft.
TCO
CSUPS vs. Legacy Battery UPS
60 seconds (CSDC)
7 Min Backup
Equipment Cost
$25,000
$54,000
Current Year Service Cost
2 Battery PMs (2 strings)
$5,075
1 Flyw heel PM
$1,200
1 Flyw heel PM & 1 Battery PM (3 strings)
ENERGY STORAGE
Battery Replacement
$27,200
Bearing Replacement
$5,500
Vacuum Pump Replacement
$4,900
UPS Efficiency
89%
97%
Battery Replacement Frequency
4
Bearing Replacement Frequency
2.5
Vacuum Pump Replacement Frequency
10
Life Total
$500,497
$179,956
Life Span Delta =
Life Cycle Cost Comparison
550000
15 min Battery
500000
5 yr
10 yr
15 yr
20 yr
$55,967
$113,826
$187,619
$320,541
$320,541
15 sec Flywheel
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Highest UPS Efficiency
Topolgy
Rectifier
Inverter
Galvanic
Isolation
Input PF
100%
Load
Efficiency - kW Out / kW In
At Stated Load
THCD
Input
25%
50%
75%
100%
Double Conversion
IGBT
IGBT
No
0.99
<2% 82-85%
87-89%
89-90%
89-91%
Double Conversion
Thyristor
IGBT
Yes
0.92
<7% 88-90%
91-93%
92-93%
91-93%
No
0.99
<4% 93-94%
96-97%
97-98%
97-98%
Line Interactive
Two-way IGBT //
UPS Efficiency Comparison
UPS Efficiency vs Load
100%
Interactive
High
98%
96%
Interactive
Low
Efficiency
94%
Thyristor
High
92%
90%
Thyristor
Low
88%
86%
IGBT High
84%
IGBT Low
82%
80%
20%
40%
60%
% Full Load
80%
100%
Annual Utility Cost
Annulaized Energy Cost
Cost of UPS losses and cooling per MW of critical load
$200,000
Energy cost = $0.06/ kWHr
IGBT Low
$180,000
$160,000
IGBT High
$140,000
Cost $
$120,000
Thyristor Low
$100,000
Thyristor High
$80,000
$60,000
Interactive Low
$40,000
$20,000
Interactive High
$20%
40%
60%
80%
% UPS Module Capacity
100%
Efficiency Cost Savings – 300 KVA
Battery based UPS:
.10 X .08
.92
X 300 X 8760 = $22,852
Parallel Online UPS:
.10 X .03 X 300 X 8760 = $8,127
.97
Energy Cost Savings PER YEAR = $14,725
Electricity Cost at $0.10 per kWh
Cumulative Electricity Costs from 300 kVA UPS
$250,000
$200,000
$150,000
CleanSource UPS
$100,000
Competitive UPS
$50,000
$1
5
Year
10
NEW GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Extended Runtime Energy Storage
Thermal & Compressed Air Energy Storage (TACAS)
Introduced 2006
Short-Term Energy Storage
To DC
Bus of
UPS
Long-Term Energy Storage
• Provides up to 45 minutes of runtime
• Also provides backup cooling
Flywheel Energy Storage Attribute


Overall footprint higher
than battery based solution
Flexibility of location
 0 to 40 deg. C
operational temperature
range
 No performance
degradation throughout
the operating
temperature range
Allows premium datacenter real
estate to be used for revenue
generating equipment
Flywheel Energy Storage
No hazardous byproducts
No disposal issues
Green Technology
Technology Comparison
Typical VRLA
Flooded
Flywheel
Thermal &
Compr. Air
Initial Cost
1x
1.4x
1.5x
1.4x
Installation Cost
Medium
High
Low
Low
Maintenance Cost
Medium
High
Low
Low
Replacement Cost (20 yr)
High
High
Low
Low
Life Cycle Cost
2.8 x installed
2.5 x installed
1.6 x installed
1.6 x installed
Runtime
Minutes
Minutes
Seconds
Minutes
Life in UPS application
2-4 years
10-15 years
20 years
20 years
Ambient temp range
20-25º C
20-25º C
0-40º C
0-40º C
Discharge cycles
Limited
Better
Best
Very Good
Footprint
Good
Not Good
Best
Fair
Selected End Users
Utilities
Communications
Manufacturing
Banking, Military, Hospitals, Misc.
Technology
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
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