Transcript Alternative DC storage Examples

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Alternative DC Storage Examples
Beyond the Lead Acid Battery
© 2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.
Power Quality Applications
Typical UPS system block diagram
Long-term AC alternate source
Genset
AC
Automatic
Transfer Switch
Double Conversion UPS System
ATS
Rectifier
Inverter
AC/DC
DC/AC
Critical
AC
output
540 VDC
480
VAC
Utility
AC
DC Energy Storage
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Alternatives to Standard Storage
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Alternatives to Standard Storage
Generator
Preferred method
to provide long ridethrough (5-48
hours)
Maintenance is
required
Noise and exhaust
are concerns
Be sure to size
properly with UPS
Vendor should
have UPS interface
experience
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Alternatives to Standard Storage
Batteries
For now, batteries are the
least expensive mid- term
solution
They can also be the
weakest link
Service life is always an
issue
Hazardous materials
disposal is a challenge
Frequent testing and
constant monitoring is a
requirement
Size and weight are
inconvenient in a
datacenter
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Flywheel DC Energy Storage
• Can be deployed as the primary DC
source or in parallel with traditional
batteries in a Battery Hardening
configuration.
• It is different from typical chemical
batteries in that frequent cycles do not
reduce its life
• Produces high power output for short
durations (20 – 90 seconds)
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UPS TOPOLOGIES
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TV Broadcast
1 x 160KVA/144kW UPS
1 VDC XE flywheel
No Batteries
Selection Criteria
Green initiative
Improved reliability
Do not like batteries
Floor space / footprint
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Decatur Memorial Hospital IL
-
IT Application
1 x 160KVA/144kW UPS
1 VDC XE flywheel
No Batteries
Selection Criteria
• Green initiative
• Improved reliability
• Do not like batteries
• Floor space / footprint
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University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute - Gainesville
2 x 750KVA/675kW UPS
8 VDC XE flywheels
No Batteries
Selection Criteria
Small footprint
Reduced Maintenance Cost
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Gundersen Lutheran Hospital
- IT Application
1 x 550KVA/495kW UPS
2 +1 future VDC XE flywheels
No Batteries
Selection Criteria
 Small footprint
 Green / Sustainability
 Reliability
 Reduced Maintenance Cost
Strives for 100%
Renewable Energy
The hospital, based in La Crosse,
Wis., is halfway toward its 2009
goal, which amounts to $409,000 in
annualized savings
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University of Massachusetts Medical School - Data Center
2 x 825KVA / 750kW UPS
8 VDC XE VYCON Flywheels
No Batteries
Selection Criteria
Small footprint
Green / Sustainability
Reduced Maintenance Cost
Reliability
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Delta Dental Insurance - Data Center
Selection Criteria
Floor space / footprint
Redundancy
Extend battery life
Improved system reliability
Ride through to Generator
Battery Hardening
2 x 500kVA / 450kW UPS
4 VDC XE VYCON Flywheels
Batteries
Dual Bus
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Bremerton Naval - Modular Solution for IT
825kVA / 750kW UPS
5 VDC XE Flywheels
Outdoor Enclosure
Selection Criteria
Floor space / footprint
HVAC requirement reduced
Reduced maintenance
Improved system reliability
Ride through to Generator
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The Principles of Kinetic Energy
KE ~ m (rpm)² (for rotational motion)
• Low Speed
• More mass means more energy
• Double mass = double energy
• “Low-speed” 1800 to 8000RPM
• High Speed
• More energy by higher rpm
• Double rpm = quadruple energy
• “High-speed” 36000 to 55000RPM
All Flywheels are operated well below their design limitations
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Flywheel Technology Evolution
• First Generation Design • Low speed (8,000 RPM)
• High maintenance with down time required
• Lengthy commissioning and start up procedure
• Large flywheel mass (800 LBS)
• High standby power losses
• Bearings
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Active Power FLYWHEEL
250kW Motor/Generator/Flywheel
Field replaceable
ball-bearing cartridge
Magnetic bearing
integrated into
field circuit
Field coil
Flywheel, motorgenerator
rotor
Air-gap
armature
Smooth back-iron,
no slots and low loss
No permanent magnets
enables high tip-speed
and high output power
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Flywheel Technology Evolution
• Second Generation Design
• Ultra high speed - 52,000RPM
• Liquid cooled - circulation pump
• Mid range power density
• Small composite flywheel mass (60 Lbs)
• No recovery from drop out event
• Down time to service internal vacuum / filter
• Bi Annual service with shut down year 1
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Flywheel Technology Evolution
• Third Generation Design – VYCON
• High speed - 36000 RPM
• Air cooled
• Small steel alloy flywheel mass (120lbs)
• Annual service requirement
• 15 mins.
• no down time
• High power density
• Full recovery from drop out event
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High Speed, Steel Flywheel Module
Permanent Magnet Motor-Generator
Magnetic Levitation
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VDC – Simplified One Line
Flywheel Module
IGBT Power Converter
Soft Start
To UPS
Battery
Input
DC Monitoring
Motor Generator Controls
Power Conversion Module Controller
Magnetic Levitation
Controller
Control
Panel
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Battery Hardening
Battery “Whiplash” Prevented
Float Voltage
UPS DC Bus Voltage (dc)
Grid Disturbance
w/ flywheel
Nearly 99% of all
voltage sags and
outages last less
than 8 seconds
Gen
Coup de fouet = Whiplash
98% of disturbances
< 10 sec.
0
10
20
Time
(Seconds)
•
Flywheel provides voltage support eliminating battery whiplash
•
Increasing battery life, Improving UPS reliability & Reducing service
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Battery Hardening
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Alternatives to Standard Storage
Supercapacitors, Turbines and Fuel Cells
 All these promising technologies offer continuous power
But some can’t handle large step loads and many are
rather inefficient
Typically too expensive vs. batteries (for now!)
Supercaps (some) utilize KOH electrolyte with same
disadvantages as batteries
Acidic hazards
Disposal concerns
Gassing on overcharge
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Comparison with other storage devices(1)
item
Conventional
Capacitor
EDLC
Battery
（Lead-Acid）
Battery
（Li-ion）
Energy density
(Wh/kg)
<0.1
0.2～10
10～40
40～80
Power density
(W/kg)
10,000
～100,000
100～5,000
50～130
100～300
Discharge rate
～0.1sec
0.1sec～1min
10min～10h
10min～10h
Cycle Life
>500,000
>500,000
200～2,000
～10,000
Shelf Life
5～10year
10～15year
3～5year
5～10year
Over discharge
○
○
×
×
Environment
○
○
×
△
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Comparison with other storage devices(2)
Conventional Capacitor
Cup
EDLC
bucket
Water in the cup can be
applied at one time but
volume is not sufficient
enough for fire fighting
Not applicable
Best option for fire
fighting
Lead-Acid Battery
drum
Not applicable
Sufficient amount of water in
the drum but can not be applied
at one time for fire fighting
EDLC is best storage device for charge and discharge of large
amount of electricity in a short period of time！
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Dynamic Voltage Compensator (system)
Back up
Rated Output
10,000kVA
Dip comp. time
1sec
Rated Voltage
3φ 6,600V
Operation
Storage
On-line method
No interruption
（Less than 2msec）
EDLC
Efficiency
over 99%
Load
commercial
power
high speed switch
Inverter
EDLC
Module
600S1-70C-11P
292×600×395H
Sag
compensation
mode
EDLC Panel
Switch over
System（W：28m-H:2.6m-D:2.3m）
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Application for Electric railway (system)
Regeneration & Peak cut
CAPAPOST（W：4.1m-H:3.1m-D:5.0m）
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EDLC Bank(600S1-70C×36P×8S）
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Power System Stabilizer (system)
Peak cut & Regeneration
Load fluctuation
Electric Power system
Stabilize the sharp
fluctuations by PSS
～
junction
Power constant
engine generator
(assume)
junction
＋
SG
Load
SG
EDLC
DE
DE
Load
to supply
Battery
engine engine storage
generator generator
Input
EDLC
Storage
transformer
AC/DC
EDLC
自立範囲
AC6600V
、 100kVA
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