Transcript Chapters 31 and 32 - Kealakehe High School

Chapters 31 and 32
Fungi and Eumetozoans
Chris Lysuik
Kyle Kurihara
Geoff Whitener
etc.usf.edu
Fungi
 How do fungi acquire nutrients?
They absorb nutrients from the ground by secreting
digestive enzymes.
 Because of this mode of nutrition, fungi have
evolved what structure to provide for both extensive
surface area and rapid growth?
Fungi have evolved hyphae, (mycelium when
underground) a network of tiny filaments composed
of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma
membrane and cytoplasm of the cells.
Fungi
 How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell
walls of plants?
They contain chitin, a strong flexible nitrogen
containing polysaccaride that is also found in the
external skeletons of insects and other arthropods,
and septum cross walls.
 How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem?
They keep it stocked with inorganic nutrients
essential for plant growth, they share relationships
with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals,
promoting vigorous growth.
Fungi
 Give some examples of how fungi are important to
humans.
Without fungus, agriculture would be far less
productive. Yeast commonly used as baker’s yeast
and brewer’s yeast. Fungi are also used in
medicine, like penicillin and also insulin.
Fungi: Chart C
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
-Flagellated Spores
(zoospores)
-Allomyces sap (water
mold
-no true mycelium
-S. endobioticum
-zygosporangium
(diploid nuclei carrier)
-R. stolonifer (bread
mold)
-sporangium
-Pilobolus
-Asci (sac), ascocarp
(fruit bodies)
-truffles
-N. crassa (mold)
-Conidia spores
Basidiomycetes
-Basidiocarp (fruit
bodies)
-Basidium(hold spore)
-shelf fungi
-puffballs
Fungi Pictures
Fungal Hyphae
Microbeorganics.com
Penicillin Mold
hss.sas.upenn.edu
Eumetazoans
 Outline the major characteristics Campbell uses to
define an animal.
Nutritional Mode, Cell Structure and Specialization,
and Reproduction and Development
 List an hypothesis for the origin of animals.
The ancestors of animals diverged from the
ancestors of fungi as far as 1.5 billion years ago;
animals probably evolved from colonial flagellated
protists.
Eumetazoans
 Describe the two forms of symmetry of the
Eumetazoa.
Radial Symmetry: Any imaginary cut through the
center of the animal will divide it into mirror
images.
Bilateral Symmetry: Animals with a left side and a
right side. Only one imaginary cut divides the
animal into mirror-image halves.
Eumetazoans
 What is the significance of cephalization as an
evolutionary trend?
Cephalization is the concentration of the central
nervous system in the head; it allows bilaterally
symmetric animals to be more active and
coordinated.
 How do the germ layers of Radiata and the other
Eumetazoa differ?
The Radiata only have 2 germ layers, the endoderm
and ectoderm. The other Eumetazoa have 3 layers,
the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Eumatazoans
 Acoelomates- Triplobastic animals lacking coeloms
 Pseudocoelomates- Triplobastic animas with a body
cavity formed from the blastocoel called
"pseudocoelom"
 Coelomates- Animals that possess a true coelom
 Protostomes- Original embryonic dent becomes the
mouth of Protostomes and the anus is formed later
 Deuterostomes- Original embryonic dent becomes
the anus of Deuterostomes and the mouth is formed
later
Eumetazoans
 Spiral, determinate cleavage- Planes of cell
division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the
embryo. The development of the embryonic cell is
very easily determined
 Radial, indeterminate cleavage- Cleavage planes
are parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of
egg. Cells produced by early cleavage division
retain the capacity to develop into a complete
embryo.
 Blastopore- The indentation that leads to the
formation of the archenteron.
Eumetazoan Examples
Protostomia
Deuterostomia
Chordata
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Radiata
Mollusca
Nematoda
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Eumetazoans
 List a number of the major differences between the
Protostomes and the Deuterostomes.
-Embryonic development: Mouth formed from
initial dent in Protostomes while the anus is formed
from the initial dent in the Deuterostomes.
-Protostomes have determinant cleavage while
Deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage.
-Protostomes go through schizocoelous
development while Deuterostomes go through
enterocoelous development.
The End