Transcript child_development_for_portalx

Child Development
What is a Child?
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Birth to 18th birthday
Innocent
Dependant
Valuable
Learning
Playful
Precious in the eyes of God
Imaginative
Rights for every child
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is a legallybinding international agreement setting out the civil, political, economic, social
and cultural rights of every child, regardless of their race, religion or abilities
These include the right to:
• Life
• Survival and development
• Protection from violence, abuse or neglect
• Education that enables children to fulfil their potential
• To be raised by, or have a relationship with, their parents
• Express their opinions and be listened to.
http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/about-us/what-we-do/child-rights/un-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child
Child Development
Physical
‘My haven’t you grown!’
Social
‘Will you be my friend?’
Emotional ‘And I didn’t cry’
Cognitive
‘I can do my times tables!’
Spiritual
‘Sorry God I didn’t believe in you. I do now!’
Moral
‘It’s not fair.’
The child in context.
Urie Bronfenbrenner developed an Ecological Systems Theory
1. The Micro System - is the direct environment
we have in our lives.
2. The Mesosystem – links the micro systems
together.
3. The Exosystem – is the settings that affect the
child indirectly.
4. The Macrosystem - is the actual culture of an
individual.
Factors Affecting Child Development
To help professionals assess the factors affecting a child’s
development, they have been grouped into four areas:
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Environmental Factors
Biological Factors
Interpersonal relationships
Early Environments and experiences
http://www.beststart.org/OnTrack_English/2-factors.html
Environmental Factors
Housing
• Does the child have a safe space to play and explore?
Income
• Does the child have adequate food and clothing.
Employment
• Does the child have quality child care when parents are
working?
• Education
• Does the child have resources to simulate learning
Biological Factors
Gender
• Boys and girls tend to develop and learn differently
General Health
• Does the child have a medical condition?
Mental Health?
• Does the child have a warm and nurturing environment?
Healthy practices
• Does the child have healthy patterns for eating, sleeping
and playing?
Relationships
Attachment
• Does the child show a secure attachment pattern to
primary careers?
Parenting Styles
• Does the child experience a consistent parenting style?
Social Networks –
• Does the child have relationships with other adults and
children?
Early Environments and Experiences
Children’s earliest
experiences shape how
their brains develop,
which in turn
determines future
health and wellbeing.
http://www.maternal-and-early-years.org.uk/bonding-and-attachment-in-babies-and-young-children
Child Developmental Theories
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Developmental Milestones
Social/ Emotional
Intellectual/Cognitive
Moral Development
Spiritual Development
Developmental Milestones
Developmental milestones describe abilities that children typically
achieve by a certain age.
Milestone centre on a number of abilities
including those for physical growth,
intellectual development, social and
emotional growth and language
development.
Developmental Milestones
What age can I ……………………?
Cognitive Stages
Psychologist Jean Piaget proposed a four
stage theory centred on the intellectual
development of children.
Piaget did not view children's intellectual
development as a quantitative process.
Instead he suggested that there is a
qualitative change in how children think
as they gradually process through the
four stages.
http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family
Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage 1:
The sensorimotor stage - birth to age 2
Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through
sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
Stage 2:
The preoperational stage - age 2 to about age 7
Children learn through pretend play but still
struggle with logic and taking the point of view
of other people.
Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage 3:
The concrete operational stage - age 7 to 11
At this stage children begin to think more
logically however they tend to struggle with
abstract and hypothetical concepts. Children
also become less self-centred and begin to
think about how other people might think and
feel.
Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage 4:
The formal operational stage – age 12 into
adulthood.
The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an
increase in logic, the ability to use deductive
reasoning, and an understanding of abstract
ideas. At this point, people become capable of
seeing multiple potential solutions to problems
and think more scientifically about the world
around them.
Social/Emotional/Behavioural Development
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses
on social, emotional and behavioural
development across the entire lifespan.
At each stage, children and adults face a
developmental crisis that serves as a
major turning point.
http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stage 1 : Trust vs Mistrust - Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Important Events: Feeding
Outcome: Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide
reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Stage 2 : Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Important Events: Toilet training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical
skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy,
failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Important Events:
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the
environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who
try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of
guilt.
Stage 4 : Industry vs. Inferiority - School Age (6 to 11 years)
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands.
Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of
inferiority.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to
role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with
other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in
loneliness and isolation.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation - Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them by
having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people.
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment.
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Maturity(65 to death)
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of
fulfilment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure
results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
Moral Development
Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg proposed
a stage theory focused specifically on the
moral development of children.
The theory describes three overall levels
of moral development that can then be
broken down further into six stages.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
Level 1. Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Punishment – Obedience.
Young children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important
because it is a means to avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism and exchange.
The morality of an action is based on how it satisfies the individual needs of the doer.
For instance, a person steals money from another person because he needs that
money to buy food for his hungry children. Level
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
Moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an
emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence
relationships.
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when
making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules,
doing one’s duty and respecting authority.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
Level 3. Postconventional Morality
Stage 5 : Social Contract Orientation
In this stage, the person looks at the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other
people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the
society should agree upon these standards.
Stage 6 : Universal Ethical Principles Orientation
The final stage of moral reasoning, this orientation is when a person considers
universally accepted ethical principles. The judgment may become innate and may even
violate the laws and rules as the person becomes attached to his own principles of
justice.
https://explorable.com/theory-of-moral-development
References:
Fancher, R. E. (1996). Pioneers of Psychology, 3rd edition. New York: Norton.
Santrock, John W. (2008). A topical approach to life-span development (4 ed.).
New York City: McGraw-Hill.
Piaget, J. (1970). Genetic Epistemology. New York: Norton.
Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, H.E.; Voneche, J.J. eds. The essential Piaget. New
York: Basic Books.
Piaget, J. (1983). Piaget's theory. In P. Mussen (ed). Handbook of Child
Psychology. 4th edition. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley.
Celebrating Children 2003 Glenn Miles and Josephine-Joy Wright
What age can I Quiz?
http://www.lawstuff.org.uk/the-facts/at-what-age-can-you
http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/family/275128/Child-development-stages