Transcript Vascular Plants

Chapter 21-24
WHAT ARE PLANTS
&
HOW ARE THEY
CLASSIFIED
Section Objectives:
• List the characteristics of plants.
• Identify some of the plant
kingdom divisions.
• Compare and contrast
characteristics of the different
groups of plants.
BOTANY
The study of plants
Plant Characteristics
• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Autotrophic: produce their own food (glucose)
through the process of photosynthesis and store
food in the form of starch.
• Plant cells have thick cell walls made of cellulose.
• The stems and leaves of plants have a waxy
waterproof coating called a cuticle.
• Contain chloroplast that contain pigment
chlorophyll
Plant Characteristics Cont.
There are three main organs in a plant
1. Roots: Functions; A. absorb water and
nutrients from soil
B. anchor plants into the ground
C. hold plant upright and prevent being
knocked over by wind or rain
Organs in a Plant Cont.
2. Stems: Functions;
A. holds leaves up to the sun; all plants compete
for sun
3. Leaves: Functions;
A. They are broad to capture more sunlight
B. They have a waxy coat (cuticle) to hold in
H2O
C. They have pores to allow CO2 to enter and
O2 to exit
Other Parts and Processes of Seed
Plants:
4. Pollen Grain – male gamete of seed
plants is contained in this structure
5. Pollination – the carrying of pollen
from male to female by wind, insects,
birds and small animals
Other Parts and Processes of Seed Plants
Cont:
6. Seeds: structures that protect the zygotes
of plants
7. Embryo – tiny plant after fertilization
8. Seed Coat: protects the seed from drying
out, this allows survival in a variety of
climates
Plant Kingdom Breakdown
Nonvascular (mosses & liverworts)
• Plant
Seedless Spore Bearing (ferns)
Vascular Plant
Conifers (gymnosperm)
Seed Bearing
Flowering (angiosperms)
Monocot
Dicot
Phylogeny of Plants
• 1st division: do they have vascular tissue:
vascular or nonvascular.
• 2nd division: does it produces seeds: nonseed plants and seed plants.
• 3rd division: is seed bearing plants a cone
bearing or flower bearing: gymnosperms or
angiosperms.
• 4th division: angiosperms are divided:
monocots and dicots.
What is a nonvascular plant?
• No vascular tissue
• Limited to moist habitats by
streams and rivers or in temperate
and tropical rain forests.
• Small in size and shape
• Mosses
Phylum Bryophyta: nonvascular plants
• Bryophytes, the mosses, are nonvascular
plants that rely on osmosis and diffusion
to transport materials.
• Moss plants are usually low to the ground
and have leaflike structures
• Simplest form of plants
• Found in moist areas that are shaded
• Reproduce by spores
Difference between vascular &
nonvascular plants
•Vascular plants can live farther
away from water than
nonvascular plants.
•Vascular plants can grow much
larger than nonvascular plants.
Vascular Plants
•Contain vascular tissue which is xylem
and phloem in the stem of the plants
•Xylem transports water and dissolved
substances from the roots to other parts
of plant
•Phloem transports dissolved sugar
from leaves (photosynthesis) to the rest
of plant
Phylum Tracheophytes
• All vascular plants (have xylem
and phloem)
• Can live in drier climates than
nonvascular
• Uses roots to absorb food and
minerals and uses vascular tissue
to transport it
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
• Ferns are the most well-known and
diverse group of non-seed vascular
plants.
• They have leaves called fronds.
• Reproduce by spores on their leaves.
• Need water to reproduce so they are
found in moist areas.
SEED BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS
• Seed plants produce seeds
• A seed consists of an embryonic plant
and a food supply covered by a hard
protective seed coat.
• All seed plants have vascular tissues.
• These tend to adapt well to their
environment
2 Divisions of Seed Bearing
1. Gymnosperms/Conifers
2. Angiosperms/Flowering
Plants
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms seeds sits on the scales
• Scales – special leaves that contain male
and female reproductive structures
• Cones – scales that are grouped into
larger structures, there are male and
female cones
Cones Cont.
• A. Male cones produce gametophytes called
pollen (starts out closed and when opened it
releases pollen)
• Female cones produce gametophytes called
eggs (starts out closed and when opened it
releases seeds, much bigger than male cones)
• Female cone holds the seeds that develop
3 Classes Gymnosperms
• 1. Cyads
• 2. Ginkgoes
• 3. Conifers
Cycads
• Palmlike plants present with the
dinosaurs in the Triassic Period
• They grow naturally in Mexico, West
Indes, Florida, Parts of Asia, Africa, and
Australia
Ginkgoes
• Were alive during the dinosaur period.
• There is only 1 living species (Ginko
biloba)
• The oldest living seed plant
Conifers
• Commonly called evergreens, the most
abundant gymnosperm on Earth
• Examples: pines, spruce, fir, cedar,
sequoias, and redwoods
• Leaves are long and thin and are called
needles
Conifers/Gymnosperms
• Cone-bearing trees such as pine, fir,
cypress, and redwood.
• Cones are scaly structures that support
male or female reproductive
structures.
• Their leaves that are needlelike or
scaly.
Reproduction in the Conifers
• The reproductive structures of most
conifers are produced in cones.
• Most have male and female cones on
different branches of the same tree.
• The male cones produce pollen,
female cones are much larger and
stay on the tree until the seeds have
matured.
Evergreen vs. Deciduous trees
• Most conifers are evergreen —plants that
retain some of their leaves for more than one
year.
• Deciduous plants drop all their leaves each
fall or when water is scarce or unavailable.
It reduces water loss. A tree with no leaves
cannot photosynthesize & must remain
dormant during this time.
Angiosperms
• Commonly called the flowering plants, are the
largest, most diverse group of seed plants living
on Earth.
• They produce flowers from which fruits develop.
• A fruit usually contains one or more seeds. Ex:
apples, oranges, beans, peas, pumpkins,
tomatoes, eggplants
• 2 classes: monocotyledons (monocots) &
dicotyledons (dicots)
Monocots
• Examples: corn, wheat, lilies, daffodils,
orchids; monocots have only 1 seed leaf
Dicots
• Examples: roses, clover, oaks, tomatoe,
daisies; dicots have 2 seed leaves
Monocot and Dicot Characteristics
• Monocot:
1. Veins are parallel
2. Flowers, petals and parts in 3’s or multiples
of 3 (3,6,9,12)
• Dicots
1. Veins form branching network
2. Flowers, petals, and parts occur in 4’s or 5’s
or multiples (4,8,12 or 5,10,15)
Adaptations in Angiosperms
• Angiosperms have roots, stems, and
leaves.
• They produce flowers and form
seeds enclosed in a fruit.
• A fruit develops from a flower’s
female reproductive structure(s).
MONOCOTS
• One cotyledon (seed leaf)
• Parallel venation in the leaves
• Fibrous root system
• Flower parts in multiples of 3
• Vascular tissue is arranged in a
scattered bundle
•
•
•
•
DICOTS
Two cotyledons (seed leaf)
Net venation in the leaves
Taproot root system
Flower parts in multiples of either 4
or 5
• Vascular tissue is arranged in a
circular ring
Other Info.
• Vector Pollination – pollination by animals
• The bitter taste of unripe fruit is to protect fruit
from being eaten by animals until ripe when
seeds can be spread
• Green fruit is a protective mechanism to hide
fruit until its ripe
Moncots and dicots
Distinguishing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Seed Leaves
Monocots
Dicots
Leaves
Vascular Bundles Flower Parts
in Stems
One cotyledon
Usually parallel
Scattered
Multiples of
three
Two
cotyledons
Usually netlike
Arranged in ring
Multiples of
four and five
Section Objectives:
• Describe the alternation of
generations in land plants.
• Describe sexual reproduction in
angiosperms
Alternation of Generations
• An alternation of
generations consists of a
sporophyte stage and a
gametophyte stage.
• Sporophyte stage is the
2n stage and it is asexual
reproduction through
mitosis
• Gametophyte stage is n
stage and is sexual
division through meiosis.
What is a flower?
• The process of
sexual
reproduction in
flowering plants
takes place in a
flower, which is a
complex structure
made up of several
organs.
FEMALE Structure of the Flower
• Pistil: the female organ of the flower
– Ovary: at bottom of the pistil which
produced the ovule
– Stigma: located at the top of the pistil & is
where pollen grains attach to (sticky stigma)
– Style: long tube of the pistil & is where
pollen grains travel down until they reach the
ovule
– Ovule: develops into a seed; within the ovary
MALE Structure of the Flower
• Stamen: the male structure of the flower (contains
word men)
– Anther: located at top of the stamen & produced
pollen
– Filament: thin, stem like portion a stamen
Pollination
• Process of transferring ripe, pollen from anther
to stigma
• Self pollination: pollen on 1 plant is
transferred to the stigma on the same flower
• Cross pollination: pollen on 1 flower is
transferred to the stigma of another flower
Structures of Flowering Plants
• Roots: Anchor plants, absorb water &
minerals and store food
• Stems: Support for leaves,
reproductive parts, & transportation
part of plant
• Leaves: The factories for the plants;
Take energy from sun and make
sugar
• Vascular Tissue: transportation
system of the plant
Types of Stems
• Herbaceous plants: flexible stems
and includes most of the annuals
• Woody plants: stems rigid & hard
and includes most of plants that
live from season to season
TRANSPIRATION
–Process where
plants lose water
through their leaves
Non
Vascular
Plants
Example
Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperm
Vascular
vascular
vascular plant
Plants
plants
Mosses Ferns
Pine Tree
Fruit tree
Vascular
Tissue
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
True roots,
stems, & leaves
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Flowers
No
No
No
Yes
Seeds
Seeds
Reproduce
Seeds
Spores Spores
no
no
Yes, in cones Yes, in flowers