Transcript Plant Kingdom overview

Plant Kingdom
Organisms that are multi-cellular,
autotrophic, and sexually
reproducing.
Origin of Plants
First land dwelling plants were those of
non-vascular nature. That is that they grew
low to the ground without the need for
vascular tissue.
 Primitive plants are said to have originated
from aquatic algae.

How to survive and expand

3 keys for plants to survive on land
1.) have the ability to absorb nutrients from
surroundings
2.) prevent their bodies from drying out
3.) reproduce without the use of water to transmit
reproductive cells
Mycorrhizae/Absorbing Nutrients
Relationship between early plants and fungi
to allow plants the ability to absorb
nutrients from their surroundings.
 Rocks were the main surroundings.
 80% of plants today still form mycorrhizae.
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Preventing Water loss
Cuticle- waxy coating to allow plants to
keep water in and not have the sun rays
burn the plant up. Slows down transpiration
rates.
Stoma- allows the release of oxygen and the
absorption of carbon dioxide prevented by
the cuticle. Controlled by guard cells
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Reproducing
Aquatic sperm from plants would travel
through water to fertilize eggs.
 Land plant sperm are carried in pollen to
avoid drying out and can be carried by wind
or animals as they evolved

As plants become more complex
Conducting material- vascular tissue
allowed plants to become larger and more
complex. Xylem and phloem bring water
and nutrients around the body of a plant.
 Nonvascular plants use diffusion and
osmosis to move nutrients and minerals
around
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Seed development

2nd best adaptation after vascular tissue
1.) Protection-seed coat avoids seeds from drying
out
2.) Nourishment-nourish is supplied in the seed
to allow for initial growth
3.) Plant Dispersal-structures provide for flight,
floating, or getting carried.
4.) Delayed growth- growth will be delayed until
conditions are favorable for survival.
Flowers
Allow for reproduction to be more efficient.
 Non-flowering plants had to produce
tremendous amounts of pollen for
pollination to become successful.
Inefficient
 Flowering plants produce lees pollen and
attract pollinators to aid in the process.
Very Efficient

Non-Vascular Plants
Small in size- all nutrients are moved by
diffusion and osmosis which limits distance.
 Larger Gametophyte-the reproducing
structure is more noticeable than that of a
sporophyte.
 Require water for reproduction-limits where
they can live. Sperm cannot swim to
neighboring gametophytes without it.

Types of Non-Vascular Plants
Mosses- do contain cuticles, stomas, and
simple conducting cells.
 Liverworts-Have no cuticle, stomas or
conducting cells.
 Hornworts-No conducting cells but does
contain cuticle and stoma

Seedless Vascular Plants
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Cooksonia-oldest known vascular plant
1.) Vascular system-contain xylem and phloem
and can grow much larger than non-vascular
plants. True roots, stems and leaves present.
2.) Larger sporophytes-being bigger than
gametophytes allos for wind to carry away
spores
3.) Drought resistant spores-allow for plants to
live in drier climates away from water
Types of Seedless vascular plants
Ferns-MOST COMMON SEEDLESS
VASCULAR PLANT.
 Club Moss-unlike other moss, this moss
contains true roots, stems and leaves.
 Horsetails-scale-like leaves grow and each
joint
 Whisk ferns-highly branched stems but no
leaves or roots

Gymnosperms
Gymnos-means “naked” spema-means
“seed”
 Seed are not contained in a sealed container
or fruit
 Seeds allow for greater distance from parent
plant and gametophytes are much
smaller(two types:male and female)
 Wind pollination-no more water is needed

Types of Gymnosperms
Conifers-needle like leaves to conserve
water. Most successful gymnosperm!
 Cycads-short stems and palm leaves.
 Ginkgo-fan shaped leaves.male and female
gametophyte develop on different trees
 Gnetophytes-develop seeds in cones that
resemble a flower

Angiosperms
Angeion meaning “case” and sperma
meaning “seed”
 Seed is encased in a structure called a fruit.
 Male and female gametophytes develop in a
flower which make pollination more
efficient than cones or spores of all the other
types of plants

Angiosperms continued
Fruits do proved some protection for the
seed, but are primarily needed for seed
dispersal. Fruits get eaten, or float, and can
also be carried by wind.
 Endosperm- stored food for the seed that is
used by the embryo for development of the
plant during primary growth.
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Types of Angiosperms
Monocots- seed produces one seed
leaf(cotyledon).
 Leaves contain parallel veins and the flower
parts are in multiples of 3’s.
 Dicots-produce 2 seed leaves(cotyledons)
 Leaf veins are branching
 Flower parts are in multiples of 2, 4 or 5’s
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Plant Uses

Food Use1.) Fruits and vegetables-vitamins and minerals
2.) Root Crops- underground growth/high calorie
3.) Legumes-Protein enrich peas or beans
4.) Cereals-produce dry fruit called grains
5.) Wheat-ground to flour to make pasta or bread
6.) Corn-top crop for people or livestock in US
7.) Rice-feed over ½ of the people in the world
Other Plant Uses
Wood-building, heating, fuel, and paper
 Medicines-pain relief to cancer fighting
agents.
 Fibers-paper, clothes and rope. Cotton is
the World’s #1 plant fiber.
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