Transcript PLANT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND NEEDS

PLANT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
AND NEEDS
Chapter 12
Kinds of plants
• Plants are the basis of the food chain for all living things.
• Botany – the science of the study of plants
• Over 280,000 species of plants.
Angiosperms
• Angiosperm is a plant with enclosed seeds.
• More than half of all living plants are classified as flowering plants or
angiosperms
• Angiosperms are the most highly evolved of the plants
• Each flower usually contains both pollen and ovules
• Pollination can be completed by wind, insects, or by the plant itself
• Cotyledons are the seedling leaves when the seed first sprouts or
germinates
• Angiosperms are either monocots (one cotyledon) or dicots (two).
Monocots
• Leaves have parallel veins
• Leaves are usually long and blade-like
• Stems tend to be non-woody with scattered vascular bundles
• Roots tend to be fibrous
• Flowers have 3 petals or multiples of 3
• Grasses are the most important monocots.
Dicots
• Dicots have branching veins
• Leaves are typically compound or deeply lobed
• Stems tend to be woody
• Roots tend to be woody and widely branched
• Flowers have petals in groups of 4 or 5
• Deciduous trees (lose leaves) are among the most important dicots to
F&W.
Conifers
• Conifers typically have evergreen needles for leaves and produce
cones
• Includes members of the pine, fir, cedar, and spruce families
• They are so well-adapted, they have remained relatively unchanged
for 300 million years.
Major Plant Parts
• Root – anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients from the
soil
• Shoot – the above-ground portion of the plant that provides support,
conducts water and other materials within the plant, and
manufactures food by photosynthesis.
• Node – place on a stem where leaves are attached
• Vegetative stage – young rapidly-growing, non-flowering stage
• Reproductive stage – when a plant starts producing flowers, fruits,
and seed.
Plant Life Cycles
• Annuals – short-lived plants in which the entire life cycle, from
germination to seed production, takes place in one growing season
• Biennials – have a two-year life cycle; they do not normally bloom
until the second season after the seed is planted
• Perennials – live from year to year; generally divided into two
categories – woody and herbaceous.
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
Plant Reproduction
• Vegetative reproduction – asexual reproduction, vegetative
propagation; can multiply in more ways than just by seed
• Usually by runners (stolons), rhizomes (thick, underground stem),
and horizontal roots
• Sexual Reproduction – seeds are produced in flowers; stamen is
male reproductive structure; pistil is female reproductive structure
• Monoecious – staminate and pistillate flowers produced on same
plant
• Dioecious – staminate and pistillate flowers produced on separate
plants
Vegetative Propagation
Monoecious plants
Dioecious Plants