Transcript Diseases in theDigestive System

Hormones and
Diseases in the
Digestive System
Amy Lee
Lily Lee
Alex Lopez
Hormones
Gastric Hormones
• Gastrin: peptide hormone that stimulates
secretion of gastric acid
• Incretin: Incretins are a group
of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an
increase in the amount of insulin released.
They also slow the rate of absorption of
nutrients into the blood stream by reducing
gastric emptying and may directly reduce food
intake. As expected, they also inhibit glucagon
Hormones of the Liver
• Androsterone: (ADT) is a steroid hormone with
weak androgenic activity. It is made in
the liver from the metabolism of testosterone.
• Medullipin: is a hormone created by
the interstitial cells of renal papilla, which is
converted to medullipin II in the liver. This, in
turn, results in vasodilation and
decreased blood pressure.
Intestinal Hormones
• N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine:
Hormones released by the small
intestine into
the bloodstream when it
processes fat. NAPEs travels to •
the hypothalamus in the brain and
suppress appetite. This
mechanism could be relevant for
treating obesity
• Cholecystokinin: is a peptide
hormone of the gastrointestinal
system responsible for stimulating
the digestion of fat and protein. It
also causes the release of
digestive enzymes and bile from
the pancreas and gallbladder.
Motilin: is secreted
by endocrine M cells that are
numerous in crypts of the small
intestine, especially in
the duodenum and jejunum. Base
d on amino acid sequence, motilin
is unrelated to other hormones.
Secretin
Secreted by upper wall of small
intestine
• Function:
• History: Sir William M. Bayliss &
causes pancreas to send out a
Ernest H. Starling (physiologists)
digestive juice that is rich in
discovered secretin by placing dilute
bicarbonate. The bicarbonate helps
hydrocholoric acid into a segment of
neutralize the acidic stomach
contents as they enter the small
a dog’s bowel lining Injected that
into another dog. Result = increase in intestine.
secretion of pancreatic juice in the
also stimulates the stomach to
dog receiving injection
produce pepsin(enzyme that digests
protein) and stimulates the liver to
• The name “secretin” comes from the produce bile
material in the extract.
Vasoactive intestinal
peptide
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Produced in the gut, pancreas and
hypothalamus.
•
Stimulates contractility in the heart
causes vasodilation
increases glycogenolysis
lowers arterial blood pressure
relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea,
stomach and gall bladder
•
Stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic
juice and bile
•
Causes inhibition of gastric acid secretion and
absorption from the intestinal lumen
Role in the intestine:
- to greatly stimulate secretion of water and
electrolytes
- stimulating contraction of enteric smooth
muscle
- dilating peripheral blood vessels
-stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
- Inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid
secretion.
^These effects work together to increase
motility
Pancreatic polypeptide
 Secreted by the pancreas
 Reduces appetite and food intake in humans.
• Function: to self regulate the pancreas secretion activities
(endocrine and exocrine)
• Also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal
secretions
• Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, fasting,
exercise, and acute hypoglycemia and is decreased by
somatostatin and intravenous glucose.
Somatostatin
• Secreted in several locations in the digestive system
stomach, intestine, delta cells of the pancreas
• Important for the control of the human digestive
system
• Aids in the control of the rate of digestion
ensures that the amt of digestive hormones is not
excessive
• GHIH helps to reduce the flow of blood to the
intestine, also to reduce the muscle contractions of
the stomach
Diseases
Crohn’s Disease
• “Reginoal Enteritis”
• Type of inflamatory
bowel disease
• Symptoms:
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Abdominal pain
Diarhea
Vomiting
Weightloss
Crohn’s
• Treatments:
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Diet and Nutrition
Controlling Stress
Medication
Surgery
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease
• a chronic symptom of
mucosal damage
caused by stomach
acid coming up from
the stomach into the
esophagus.
• Symptoms:
• Heartburn
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Regurgitation
Trouble Swallowing
Chest pain
Ulcers
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease
• Treatment:
• Lifestyle:
• Diet
• Position of Sleep-left
• Medication
• Surgery
image of peptic stricture, or
narrowing of the esophagus near
junction with stomach
Peptic Ulcer
• Most Common
• Acidic and extremely
painful
• Types:
• 1: Ulcer along the body
of the stomach, most
often along the lesser
curve at incisura
angularis along the locus
minoris resistantiae
• 2: Ulcer in the body in
combination with
duodenal ulcers.
Associated with acid
over secretion
• 3: In the pyloric channel
within 3 cm of pylorus.
Associated with acid
oversecretion
• 4: Proximal
gastroesophageal
• 5: Can occur throughout
the stomach. Associated
with chronic NSAID use
(such as aspirin).
Peptic Ulcer
• Symptoms:
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Abdominal pain
Bloating
Nausea
Vomiting of blood
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Gastrointestinal bleeding
Perforation (hole)
Cancer
Penetration
Scarring
• Treatment
• Surgery
• Antacids
• Nonsteroidal antiinflammatories
• Complications
Bibliography
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0 •
001295/
http://www.anaspec.com/products/productcate
gory.asp?id=184
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http://www.ccfa.org/info/about/crohns
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestin
al_peptide
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0
001311/
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypep
tide
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gerd/
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0
001255/
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http://www.webmd.com/digestivedisorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-diseas
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http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphy
s/endocrine/gi/secretin
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lhttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/vasoactive
-intestinal-polypeptide
•
http://www.anaspec.com/products/productcate
gory.asp?id=184
•
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/vasoactiveintestinal-polypeptide
•
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphy
s/endocrine/gi/secretin.html