Transcript Ch. 38 Conservation Biology ppt - Northern Highlands Regional HS

Chapter 38
Conservation Biology
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
– Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon
Lectures by Chris Romero
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Saving the Tiger
• Tigers once roamed across Asia
– But the arrival of humans brought
competition for food, and also hunters
Myanmar tiger photographed by a remote “camera trap”
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• Conservation efforts
– Are providing protection for tigers so their
populations can increase
• The efforts to save tigers
– Reflect a worldwide struggle to preserve
biodiversity, the diversity of living things
Hukawng Valley, Myanmar
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• We are now presiding over a biodiversity crisis
– A rapid decrease in Earth’s great variety of
organisms
• Conservation biology
– Is a goal-driven science that seeks to
counter the biodiversity crisis
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THE BIODIVERSITY CRISIS: AN OVERVIEW
38.1 Human activities threaten Earth’s
biodiversity
• Biodiversity includes
– Genetic diversity, within and between
populations
– Species diversity
– Ecosystem diversity
Figure 38.1B
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• Human activities
– Threaten diversity at all levels
Figure 38.1A
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38.2 Biodiversity is vital to human welfare
• Biodiversity, while valuable for its own sake
– Also provides food, fiber, medicines, and
ecosystem services
Figure 38.2
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38.3 Habitat destruction, introduced species, and
overexploitation are the major threats to
biodiversity
• Introduced species
– Can disrupt communities by competing
with or preying on native species
Figure 38.3A
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• Overexploitation of wildlife by harvesting
– Has threatened various animal and plant
species
Figure 38.3B
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CONNECTION
38.4 Pollution of the environment compounds our
impact on other species
• Effects of pollution include
– Acid rain, ozone depletion, eutrophication,
and dead zones
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• Chemical pesticides
– May be concentrated by biological
magnification
Concentration of PCBs
Herring
gull eggs
124 ppm
Figure 38.4
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Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Smelt
1.04 ppm
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton
0.025 ppm
CONNECTION
38.5 Rapid global warming could alter the entire
biosphere
• Burning of fossil fuels
390
1.05
380
0.90
0.75
370
Temperature
0.60
360
0.45
350
0.30
340
0.15
330
CO2
320
–0.15
310
Figure 38.5A
0
–0.30
–0.45
300
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
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Temperature variation (°C)
CO2 concentration (ppm)
– Is increasing the amount of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases in the air
• The increase of these gases in the atmosphere
– May lead to global warming
Global warming:
CO2 lets sunlight through
but retains the heat
radiated from Earth.
Human activities and natural
processes add CO2 to the
atmosphere, increasing the effect.
Photosynthesis removes
CO2 from the atmosphere,
decreasing the effect.
CO2
CO2 in the
atmosphere
CO2 CO2
Figure 38.5B
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• Global warming may
– Change climate patterns, melt polar ice
caps, flood coastal regions
– Increase the rate of species loss
Figure 38.5C
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CONSERVATION OF POPULATIONS AND SPECIES
38.6 Two ways to study endangered populations
are the small-population approach and the
declining-population approach
• Habitat degradation
– Often fragments populations, causing their
numbers to decline
Figure 38.6A, B
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• The small-population approach
– Identifies the minimum viable population
size and focuses on preserving genetic
variation
• The declining-population approach
– Diagnoses and treats the causes of a
population’s decline
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38.7 Identifying critical habitat factors can guide
conservation efforts
• Preserving critical habitat
– May help endangered species recover
Figure 38.7A–C
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• Conflicts may arise
– Between habitat preservation and resource
use by humans
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MANAGING AND RESTORING ECOSYSTEMS
38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a
conservation priority
• Conservation efforts
– Are increasingly aimed at sustaining
ecosystems and landscapes
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• Edges between ecosystems
– Have distinct sets of features and species
Figure 38.8A, B
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• The increased frequency and abruptness of
edges caused by human activities
– Can increase species loss
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• Movement corridors connecting isolated
habitats
– May be helpful to fragmented populations
Figure 38.8C
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38.9 Protected areas are established to slow the
loss of biodiversity
• Biodiversity hot spots
– Have large concentrations of endemic species
– Provide an opportunity to protect many
species in very limited areas
Equator
Figure 38.9A
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• Migratory species, both terrestrial and aquatic
– May require international protection
Figure 38.9B
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CONNECTION
38.10 The Yellowstone to Yukon Conversation
Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by
connecting protected areas
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• The Yellowstone to Yukon Conversation Initiative
– Is an international research and conservation
effort that seeks to connect reserves and
protect species and ecosystems
Yellowstone to Yukon
Ecoregion
YUKON
TERRITORY
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
ALBERTA
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
YELLOWSTONE TO YUKON
CONSERVATION INITIATIVE
MONTANA
LEGEND
Major Highways
Protected areas
WASHINGTON
Y2Y Ecoregion
70
0
140 280 km
OREGON
Figure 38.10A
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IDAHO
WYOMING
• Grizzly bears and gray wolves
– Are two species that may benefit from this
initiative
Figure 38.10B, C
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38.11 The study of how to restore degraded
habitats is a developing science
• Restoration ecology includes
– Study of bioremediation to detoxify polluted
areas
Figure 38.11A
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– Biological augmentation to restore nutrients
Figure 38.11B
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CONNECTION
38.12 The Kissimmee River project is a case
study in restoration ecology
• Large-scale restoration projects
– Attempt to restore damaged landscapes
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• The Kissimmee River Restoration Project
– Is restoring river flow and wetlands, and
improving water quality and wildlife habitat
Former
canal
Figure 38.12A, B
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38.13 Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse
ecosystem disruption
• Zoned reserves
– Are undisturbed wildlands surrounded by
buffer zones of compatible economic
development
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• Costa Rica
– Has established many zoned reserves
Nicaragua
Caribbean Sea
Costa
Rica
National parkland
Buffer zone
Pacific Ocean
Figure 38.13A, B
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38.14 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
• Sustainable development
– Seeks to improve the human condition while
conserving biodiversity
– Depends on increasing and applying ecological
knowledge as well as valuing our linkages to the
biosphere
Figure 38.14
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