Transcript StudyGuideRvw

Organ System Overview
• Integumentary = Skin
• external covering, Synth. Vit. D
• Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage
• Blood cell formation, mineral storage,
protects/supports, muscle attach
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System Overview
• Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord,Nerves(neurons)
• Fast acting control system
• Endocrine: Secretes hormones
• Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands
Figure 1.2c
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• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels.
• -Transports materials via blood: nutrients
O2, CO2
• Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels;
Immunity
• Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide
O2, remove CO2
• Digestive: esophagus, intestines,
mouth. Break down food.
• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder.
Eliminate wastes
• Reproduction: Sex organs. Making
babies.
Homeostasis
• Maintaining relatively stable internal
conditions
• Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in
homeostasis results in disease/illness
Negative feedback
• Acts to Decrease original stimulus
• Blood sugar high…body release insulin,
insulin causes cells to up-take
sugar(decrease blood sugar)
• Cold….Body responds by shivering to
produce heat….Heat generated decrease
cold feeling
• Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking
water (decreases thirst)
Positive feedback
• Increase original stimulus
• Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix,
pressure sends signals to brain to release
oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of
contractions…increases pressure, more
oxytocin released….
• Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets
“high”…feeling makes monkey take more
drug…gets “higher”…take more drug….
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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• Anterior/posterior = front/back
• Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of
appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther
• Inferior/superior = below/above
• Deep/superficial = innermost/toward
surface
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Cell organelles
• Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”,
make energy(ATP)
• Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of
cell”, transports materials throughout
cell.
Rough=ribosomes attached
Smooth=no ribosomes
Ribosomes – make proteins
• Golgi body – “FedEx of cell”, modifies &
packages proteins for delivery
Cell organelles
• Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA
• Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes
• Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive
enzymes
• Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm
• tRNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino
Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein.
• mRNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside
nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm)
Cell organelles
• Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell
surface to increase area for absorption(ex.
Cells lining digestive tract)
• Cillia – short Hair- like projections that
move substances across the cell (Ex. On
cells lining digestive tract)
• Flagellum – whip-like structure used to
propel cell (ex. Sperm cells)
Plasma membrane
Hydro_Phillic
Hydro__phobic
Stabilizes/stiffens plasma
membrane
Mitosis
• P rophase – centrioles move to Poles
• M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle
• A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart
• T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow
Cell Transport
• Passive = no energy
• Diffusion – movement of mlcles from
high to low
• Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water!
• Active = energy needed
• Occurs if particles too big to diffuse
through plasma membrane
• Or needed to go against
concentration gradient
• Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle
(Take IN)
• Exocytosis – cell exports particle
Tissue
• Stratified squamous = areas of high
abrasion; mouth/throat, skin
• Simple Squamous= single, flattened
cell layer; good for diffusion: lining
lungs/capillaries
Muscle Characteristics
• Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in
skeletal muscles
• Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in
walls of Blood vessels.
• Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has
intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that
increase signal transmission). Found in
Heart tissue.
Functions of Bones
 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
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Classification of Bones
1. Long – longer than wide, shaft
w/heads at both ends.
2. Short – generally cube-shaped &
mostly spongy bone(carpals of
wrist/tarsals of ankle)
3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved
(skull, ribs sternum)
4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other
categories. (Vertebrae)
Red marrow: in adults spongy
ends of long bones (site of red
blood cell formation)
Yellow marrow- mostly fat
Epiphyseal plate=actively
dividing cartilage in child,
site of bone growth
Osteoclast= Bone destroying cells
OsteoBlasts= Bone Building cells
Stages of Bone fracture repair
Axial skeleton = skull, vertebral column,
bony thorax
Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of
Appendages
Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
#17,18 Axial skeleton = skull,
vertebrae, bony thorax
• Gender Differences of the Pelvis
1. Flared Illium in females
2. Pubic Arch WIDER in
Females!
3. Pelvic opening larger
(& rounder) in Females!
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of shoulder/hip girdle
Joints/movements
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Hinge = elbow
Ball & socket = hip/shoulder
Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals
Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae
Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human
body)
• Abduction = take body part AWAY
from midline
• Adduction = “ADD” back into midline
• Supination= palm up
• Pronation = palm down
• Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2
bones
• Extension=increases ………
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Circumduction= move part in circle
Inversion = sole of foot inwards
Eversion = sole of foot outwards
Dorsiflexion = toes toward shin
PlantarFlexion = toes pointed