Transcript Unit #2 Exam Review

Photo-oxidize = broken down by the sun
Unit 2 Exam Review
Review:
• Oceanography:
– the study chemistry, geography, and geology of the
oceans & human’s interactions with the oceans.
• Earliest Recorded Sea Voyage:
– The earliest recorded sea voyage was by the Egyptians
around 3200 B.C.
• Phoenicians:
– Established early trade routes & never left the sight of
land
• Polynesians:
– Earliest known regular, long-distance, open-ocean
seafaring
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• Greeks:
– First to use math to develop sophisticated maps
for seafaring
• Pytheas:
– First known to be able to predict Atlantic tides
based on phases of the moon
• Eratothenes:
– Used math to accurately determine the
circumference of the Earth to be approximately
40,000 km
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• Leif Eriksson:
– A Viking credited as the first to discover
North America (Newfoundland, Canada)
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• Christopher Columbus:
– Discovered the Bahamas while sailing in search of
India; widely credited for discovering America
• Ferdinand Magellan:
– First to circumnavigate the globe
• Shift in Reasons for Ocean Voyages (18th
Century):
– Prior to the 18th century seafaring was based in
war, conquest, and trade. After the 18th century
many successful nations began exploring for the
sake of knowledge & map making
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• Ben Franklin & the Gulf Stream:
– Discovered that traveling along certain routes was
much faster & created/distributed maps to
shipping companies.
• Charles Darwin:
– Made important discoveries concerning evolution
& geographical isolation on his journeys to the
Galapagos on the HMS Beagle.
• The Rosses & Edward Forbes:
– Disagreed on the amount of life spread
throughout the ocean.
Review:
• Polar Oceanography & the Fram:
– In a race to the North Pole the Fram became stuck in
ice and drifted for 3 years. This drift established that
there was no continent in the Arctic.
• Plate Tectonics:
– A scientific theory concerning continental drift first
proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915
• Deep Sea Submersibles:
– Both manned and unmanned vessels used for
exploration of the ocean, spying, and war.
– Alvin is the most famous deep-sea exploration vessel
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• Jacques Cousteau:
– The individual partially responsible for the
popularization of recreational SCUBA diving & the
first to popularize the idea of underwater living
chambers in the 1950s
Review:
• Kingdom vs. Genus species
- Kingdom  most broad category (Animal, Plant,
etc)
- Genus species  Scientific name, most specific,
genus is always first & capitalized
• Planktonic
– Free-floating organisms such as plankton, jellyfish,
and many aquatic larvae
• Nektonic
– Free swimming organism such as a shark, pilot
fish, octopus, or dolphin
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• Benthic
- Any organism that lives exclusively on the bottom
of the ocean such as a star fish, anemone, sand
dollar, etc
• Phytoplankton vs. Zooplankton
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Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)
Zooplankton (drifting animals)
Review:
• Adaptations for viscosity of water:
– Many small organisms lack skeletons/support
systems
– Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to
maintain their position within the water column
– Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water,
so is more difficult to swim through
– Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend
to sink within the water column
Review:
• Adaptations for viscosity of water:
– Appendages:
• Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to
say afloat
• Many cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim
more easily
– Surface area:
• Small size increases surface area to volume ratio
• Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy
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• Adaptations for variations in temperature
- Eurythermal – coastal organisms (in general); can
withstand a wide range in temperatures
- Stenothermal – open ocean/deep sea; can only
survive in a narrow range of temperatures
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• Adaptations for variations in salinity
- Euryhaline– coastal organisms (in general); can
withstand a wide range in salinities
- Stenohaline – open ocean/deep sea; can only
survive in a narrow range of salinities
Review:
• Hypertonic
- A higher concentration within a membrane than on
the outside
• Hypotonic
– A lower concentration within a membrane than on
the outside
• Add:
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• Adaptations for water’s transparency:
- Transparency:
- An organism is/appears to be see-through
- Camouflage:
- An organism blends in with its surroundings
- Countershading:
- An organism has a light-colored side & a dark-colored side to
blend in with different view points
- Chromatophores:
- Small cells that allow an organism to change colors to
communicate, blend in, intimidate
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• Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)
- Organisms within the deep scattering layer
undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker
waters during daytime
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• Pelagic:
- Open water, includes nektonic & planktonic species
• Benthic:
– Bottom-dwelling species, make sup 98% of all aquatic
species
• Epipelagic:
– The top layer of open ocean, lots of sunlight
• Mesopelagic:
– The twilight region that has a small amount of light
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• Bathypelagic:
- Below 1000 meters
- No sunlight
- Low temperature
• Abyssopelagic:
– The bottom region of the ocean
– No sunlight
– Extremely low temperatures
– Extremely high pressure
• Hadal:
– Trenches at the bottom of the ocean, deepest regions
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• Euphotic:
- “true” “light”
- Any region of the water that has a consistent amount of
sunlight
• Disphotic:
– “removed” “light”
– A small amount of sunlight makes it to this depth
• Aphotic:
– “no” “light”
– Any region of the water that is completely without
sunlight
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• Coastal Waters:
– Relatively shallow areas that adjoin continents
– Heavily used for commerce, recreation, fisheries,
and waste disposal
– Experience dramatic changes in salinity and
temperature
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• Thermocline:
– A temperature gradient within the water column
– Found most often in mid-latitude waters
• Estuaries:
– A body of water that is partially enclosed by land
– Examples: Bays, Gulfs, Lagoons
• Barrier Islands: (replace lagoon)
– Landforms that block inland areas from extreme
storms/tides
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• Coastal Wetlands:
– Brackish water conditions
– Salt marshes (mid-latitudes)
– Mangrove swamps (low latitudes)
– Coastal wetlands are highly productive areas that
serve as fish nurseries for many important species
– Effectively filter polluted runoff from land
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• Pollution of Coastal Wetlands:
– are viewed as worthless land, so are often
replaced with developments (roads, housing,
shopping, etc.)
– Heavily used
– Close to sources of pollution
– Shallow-water bodies
– Not as well circulated as the open ocean
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• Petroleum Pollution:
– Oil spills can be caused by:
• Tanker accidents
• Intentional dumping
• Drilling/pumping operations
– Petroleum is biodegradable
– Many pollution experts consider oil to be among the least
damaging ocean pollutants
– Photo-oxidation & Dispersal Agents
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• Sewage sludge:
– Unfiltered human waste or the left over, unusable
byproduct after water has been through a water
treatment plant
– It was often dumped straight into bodies of water
until the laws of 1998 were past
– Dumping is still permitted with a permit
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• Bioaccumulation:
– The build-up of toxins within an ecosystem
– Examples: DDT, PCBS, heavy metals
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• Minamata Disease:
– Caused by dumping of waste that had a high
concentration of mercury (Hg) into local bodies of
water
– Caused severe birth defects & neurological
damage
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• Non-point-source Pollution:
– Pollution that comes from an area, not simply one
source
– Poisonous runoff
– Includes fertilizers, road oil, trash, etc
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• Oceanic Garbage patches:
– The largest can be found in the middle of the
Pacific Ocean
– Currents/gyres pull trash from Eastern Asia and
the West of North America
– Twice the size of Texas and at least 100 feet
Review:
• Plastic and the environment:
– Currently the only substance that is illegal to
dump at any distance from land
– It is considered very dangerous because:
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Does not biodegrade
Floats
Has high strength
Is ingested by and entangles marine animals