Transcript video slide - Cathedral High School

Chapter 50
An Introduction to Ecology
and the Biosphere
PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ecology and Evolution are closely related
• Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions
between organisms & the environment
• Events that occur in ecological time (minutes,
months, and years) translate into effects over
evolutionary time (decades, centuries, millennia,
etc)
• Example: predator/prey relationships
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.2 Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in
Australia is affected by abiotic and biotic factors
Kangaroos/km2
> 20
10–20
5–10
1–5
0.1–1
< 0.1
Limits of
distribution
Southern Australia has
cool, moist winters and
warm, dry summers.
Climate in northern Australia
is hot and wet, with seasonal
drought.
Red kangaroos
occur in most
semiarid and arid
regions of the
interior, where
precipitation is
relatively low and
variable from
year to year.
Southeastern Australia
has a wet, cool climate.
Tasmania
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.3 Examples of questions in different
subfields of ecology
(a) Organismal ecology.
How do humpback
whales select their
calving areas?
(e) Landscape ecology.
To what extent do the trees
lining the drainage channels
in this landscape serve as
corridors of dispersal for
forest animals?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(b) Population ecology.
What environmental
factors affect the
reproductive rate of
deer mice?
(c) Community ecology.
What factors influence
the diversity of species
that make up a
particular forest?
(d) Ecosystem ecology. What
factors control photosynthetic
productivity in a temperate
grassland ecosystem?
Figure 50.6 Flowchart of factors limiting geographic
distribution
Species absent
because
Yes
Dispersal
limits
distribution?
No
Area inaccessible
or insufficient time
Behavior
limits
distribution?
Yes
Habitat selection
Yes
No
Biotic factors
(other species)
limit
distribution?
No
Predation, parasitism, Chemical
competition, disease factors
Water
Abiotic factors
limit
distribution?
Oxygen
Salinity
pH
Soil nutrients, etc.
Temperature
Physical Light
factors Soil structure
Fire
Moisture, etc.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.7 Spread of breeding populations of the greattailed grackle in the United States from 1974 to 1996
New areas
occupied
Year
1996
1989
1974
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.15 The distribution of major aquatic biomes
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Continental
shelf
30S
Key
Lakes
Rivers
Estuaries
Coral reefs
Oceanic pelagic
zone
Intertidal zone
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abyssal zone
(below oceanic
pelagic zone)
Figure 50.16 Zonation in aquatic environments
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Littoral
zone
Limnetic
zone
0
Oceanic zone
Photic zone
200 m
Continental
shelf
Pelagic
zone
Benthic
zone
Photic
zone
Aphotic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Benthic
zone
Aphotic
zone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone
(deepest regions of ocean floor)
(a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the (b) Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally
basis of three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic
classified on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones),
zones), distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones),
distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic
and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone).
zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic
and abyssal zones).
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.17 Aquatic Biomes
LAKES
An oligotrophic lake in
Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango
delta, Botswana
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
WETLANDS
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve Georgia
STREAMS AND RIVERS
A headwater stream in the
Great Smoky Mountains
The Mississippi River far
form its headwaters
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ESTUARIES
An estuary in a low coastal plain of
Georgia
INTERTIDAL ZONES
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME
Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
CORAL REEFS
A coral reef in the Red Sea
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
CORAL REEFS
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
A coral reef in the Red Sea
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.19 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
30S
Key
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Tundra
Temperate grassland
High mountains
Temperate broadleaf forest
Polar ice
Coniferous forest
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 50.20 Terrestrial Biomes
TROPICAL FOREST
A tropical rain forest in Borneo
DESERT
The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SAVANNA
A typical savanna in Kenya
CHAPARRAL
An area of chaparral in California
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
CONIFEROUS FOREST
Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST
Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
TUNDRA
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings