Transcript Biological Invaders - IPM Florida

Biological Invaders
PCB 2441
Dr. Norm Leppla
University of Florida
Entomology and Nematology
Department
Leppla’s Career
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Arizona State University- Zoology
University of Arizona- Entomology/Bioscience
USDA, ARS (Florida)- Alternatives to insecticides
USDA, ARS (Texas)- Biological Control
USDA, APHIS (Washington DC)Integrated Pest Management
• University of FloridaIntegrated Pest Management
Biological Invaders
• What are invasive species and how do we
manage them? (cactus moth, gypsy moth,
mosquitoes , mole crickets)
• Is biodiversity threatened in Florida?
(development, tropical soda apple, lovebug)
• Characteristics of “Invadible” Communities
and Theory of Ecosystem Engineers (western
flower thrips)
Invasive Species
Brown
tree
snake
Kudzu
Lantana
Definition of Invasive Species
“Invaders”
1. Non-indigenous species or "non-native”
plants or animals that adversely affect
habitats. (Wikipedia)
2. Both non-indigenous and native species
that disrupt a habitat by a dominant
colonization. (Wikipedia)
3. A “pest” is an invasive or native species
that adversely affects habitat functions and
directly competes with threatened natives.
(Google web)
What Causes Pest
Outbreaks?
Alien Invasive Species
Local Invasions
Pesticide Resistance
Disrupted Environments
Perceptions
Pest Management:
The Magic Bullet
Lewis Wright, Florida
Entomologist 87:94-99 (2004)
“They applied DDT to control a very severe
housefly outbreak in some campus buildings
and observed phenomenal results within 24
hours. They could hardly believe the high level
of control and anxiously waited to report the
results to the university authorities and
manufacturers of DDT. Subsequently, they also
achieved high levels of control on bedbugs,
cockroaches and body lice.”
Synthetic Pesticide
Proliferation and Misuse
• DDT introduced in 1939
• Pesticide use grows 1940s
• 4400 pesticides by 1952
• 9500 in California
by 1991
• The “Magic bullet“
mindset
Concerns About Pesticides
•1947- Pesticide resistance to DDT
•1959- Integrated Control Concept- Stern,
Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen
Hilgardia 29:81-101.
• Integrated control is applied pest control that
combines and integrates biological and
chemical control.
• Chemical control is used as necessary and in a
manner which is least disruptive to biological
control.
What is IPM today?
• IPM is the coordinated use of pest and
environmental information and
available pest control methods
• To prevent unacceptable levels of pest
damage by the most economical means
• With the least possible hazard to people,
property and the environment
Cactus moth, Cactoblastis
cactorum
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar
Mosquitoes
Sarasota
Tawny Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus
vicinus
Larra bicolor
Shrubby false buttonweed
Growth of Miami
1896 in Lobby Pool
Room ~400 people
incorporate Miami
Miami-Dade County
Population ~2.3 million
Limited Land for Development
Lake
Okeechobee
Everglades
MiamiDade
Principle AreasWinter Fresh
Vegetables
Millions of citrus
trees by county
10
5
1
<1
<100,000
Agriculture, Communities, and
Natural Areas
Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum
varum
Gratiana
boliviana
Lovebug, Plecia nearctica
Characteristics of “Invadible” Communities
Invasive Pest
Resistant Crop
• Competitors
• Natural enemies
Vulnerable
Crop
Pesticide program:
• New insecticides
• New formulations
• New Application methods
• Resistance management
• Resistant varieties
Integrated pest management
program:
• Cultural practices
• Scouting, ID of pests & NEs
• Conservation of NEs
• Augmentation of NEs
• Reduced-risk insecticides
• Resistance management
Western Flower Thrips,
Franklinella occidentalis
• Established in the southeastern U.S. in the 1980s
• Key vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus
• Very destabilizing to integrated pest management
Tomato spotted wilt
virus symptoms on
pepper
Flecking on pepper
due to feeding by
Frankliniella
occidentalis
Grower’s Reaction to
Pest Threats
Western flower thrips
Orius
50
40
0.8
fenpropathrin
30
0.4
20
Thrips per flower
10
0
12
0.0
0.8
spinosad
8
0.4
4
0
12
0.0
0.8
untreated
Pirate bugs per flower
Florida
Pepper
thrips larvae
8
0.4
4
0
0.0
14
35
17
20
23
26
29
May & June 1996
32
Funderburk, Stavisky &Olson 2000
Competing Thrips Species
Florida flower thrips
Frankliniella bispinosa
Photo credit: Cheryle O’Donnell
Melon thrips
Thrips palmi
Tobacco thrips
Frankliniella fusca
Photo credit: Kelly Sims
Photo credit: Kelly Sims
Pest Resistant Peppers
Conserve Competitors
Frankliniella tritici
Frankliniella bispinosa
Frankliniella fusca
Frankliniella schultzei
Cultural Practices
Host-free period
Sanitation
Resistant varieties
UV reflective mulch
Fertilizaton
Scouting & ID of pests and NE
Economic thresholds
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Conserve Natural enemies
Orius insidiosus (Say)
Predaceous mites
Other predators
Augment natural enemies
Predators
Reduced-risk insecticides
Spinosad and spinetoram
Resistance management
Radient (spinetoram)
Intrepid (methoxyfenozide)
IPM System
REDUCE RISK…
INCREASE…
• Pest outbreaks &
disease epidemics
• Reliability
• Environmental
contamination
• Human health hazards
• Pest mgmt. costs
• Sustainability
Chem
Biological
Control
Cultural
Methods
Sustainability of Agriculture
 Economic profitability
 Environmental health
 Social and economic well-being
Eco-labels
Information on Commercial
Biological Control
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu