Transcript Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Production

Integrated Pest Management for
Insects and Mites in Greenhouse
Production
PSS 127 Greenhouse Operations and
Management
What is Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) ?
 An intelligent selection and use of pest-control
actions that will ensure favorable economic,
ecological and sociological consequences.1
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R.L Raab 1972.
Why IPM?
 Collapse of Control
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Systems.
Pesticide resistance.
Loss of pesticide
registrations.
Health risks associated with
pesticides for agricultural
workers and consumers.
Loss of natural enemies
brought on new pest
outbreaks.
Why Greenhouses?
 Controlled
environments
 Semi-closed or closed
production areas
 Discreet number of
insect pests
 Monoculture v.s.
Polyculture
Basic IPM
 Pest Identification
 Monitoring or Scouting
 Threshold and Action Levels
 Tactics: Cultural, Mechanical, Physical,
Biological, and Chemical
 Evaluation
Case #1 Two Spotted Spider Mite
(TSSM)
 Tetranychus urticae
 Huge host plant range
 Oval body, four pairs of
legs.
 Pale yellow-green or red
with a dark spot on each
side of the body.
 Known for developing
resistance to many
pesticides.
Crop Damage
TSSM Biology
Two Spotted Spider Mite Biology
IPM Steps
 1. Identification: yes, TSSM
 2. Monitoring: How? What?
 Use Scouting Methods.
 Record Environmental Conditions.
Scouting Equipment
Hand Lens
Optivisor
Sticky yellow trap cards
Scouting records
Trap Cards as Scouting Tools
 Yellow cards trap
winged aphids,
whiteflies, thrips,
fungus gnats, and shore
flies.
 One card/250 – 1000ft2
 Horizontal is better for
trapping fungus gnats.
 They may snag natural
enemies too.
Plant Inspection
 Look at:
New tip growth
Mature leaves
Senescent leaves
 Return to known
problem areas.
 Avoid edges.
Thresholds and Action Levels
 Problems:
1. Growers want to avoid risks; especially with
high value crops.
2. Once the threshold level is reached, the
probability of partial or total crop loss is
high.
IPM Tactic: 1. Cultural Control
Weeds inside the greenhouse
Sanitation
Weeds outside the greenhouse
Cultivar Selection
IPM Tactic: 2. Mechanical Control
 Using physical objects
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or devices to control
pests.
Insect screening on
intake vents, exhaust
fans, and entrances.
215-300 microns
Restricts air flow.
Electric Bug Zappers.
Insect Vacuums.
IPM Tactic: 3. Physical Control
 Altering environmental
conditions to discourage
pest infestation.
 Temperature
 Relative Humidity
Case #1 TSSM: High
Humidity discourages
TSSM flare-ups.
IPM Tactic: 4. Biological Control
 Definition: Biological
control is any activity of
one species that reduces
the adverse effects of
other species.
Types of Natural Enemies
Predation
Herbivory
Parasitism
Competition
Case #1 TSSM
Biological Control - Predatory mite:
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Two Spotted Spider Mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis
P.persimilis controls TSSM on cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato,
eggplant, bean, cut flowers, strawberries and many field crops.
Bio-control: Parasitism
Case #2 Whitefly Control
Common Pest of Greenhouse Tomato
Greenhouse Whitefly
Silverleaf Whitefly
Bio-controls: Parasitic Hymenopterans
Female Encarsia formosa
Greenhouse Whitefly Parasitoid
Silverleaf Whitefly Parasitoid
IPM Tactic: 5. Chemical Control
 Old school:
Broad Spectrum pesticides
 New school:
Bio-rational pesticides
Pesticide Efficacy
 Correct pest
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Citrus Mealybug
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identification.
Most susceptible pest
life stage.
Good coverage.
Proper dosage.
Avoid tank mixes.
Rotate chemical
families.
Bio-rational Pesticides
 Look for compatibility
with natural enemies
 Specific target pest
 Specific life stage
(IGRs)
 Short residual time
 Short Restricted Entry
Interval (REI)
Case #3 Green Peach Aphid (GPA)
Myzus persicae
Unwinged GPA adults and nymphs
Winged GPA
Aphid damage
ESM GPA
Natural Enemies of Myzus persicae
Chrysoperla carnea
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Aphidius colemani
Mummified aphid
Side Effects of Pesticides on Natural
Enemies
 Mortality of eggs,
immatures or adults.
 Reduced fertility.
 Effect moulting.
 Repellency
Compatibility of Bio-rational Pesticides and Natural Enemies (Koppert)
Insecticides
Azadirachtin
Pyriproxyfen
Horticultural
oil
Natural
Enemy
Aphidius
colemani
? Mummy
25% Adult
0 persistence
25%
75%
½ week
25%
25%
0 persistence
?
100%
?
Chrysoperla
carnea
25% larva
?
< 3 weeks
25%
75%
0 persistence
25%
25%
0 persistence
100%
100%
?
Steinernema
feltiae
25% larva
0 persistence
?
?
25%
0 persistence
100%
?
http://www.koppert.nl
Insecticidal
Soap
Evaluation
 Successful Crop
 Cost (materials, labor, health risks,
environmental damage)
 Multiple tactics?
 Ease of operation
 What would you do differently next season?
Mealybug predator
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Thank You