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Papilio demoleus
Classification
Alan Soffan
428121758
Email:
[email protected]
Host and Distribution
Pest status
Damage and Symptom
Biology
Pest Management:
Natural and Chemical
Classification
Common name
Lemon Butterfly (Citrus Swallowtail)
Synonyms:
Papilio erithonius (Cramer, 1780); Orpheides epius (Hubner, 1816); Papilio epius (Donovan,
1842); Papilio demoleus (Donovan, 1842); Papilio erithonius (Wallace, 1865); Papilio
demoleus (Butler, 1869); Orpheides erithonius (Moore, 1881); Orpheides demoleus (Moore,
1901-03); Papilio demoleus (Bingham, 1907) (http://www.geocities.com/tgorw_se/papil.html)
Classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class
: Insecta
Order
: Lepidoptera
Family
: Papilionidae
Subfamily : Papilioninae
Genus
: Papilio
Species : P. demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Kalshoven, 1981)
Host and Distribution
Hosts
Citrus species (main)
Alternative host are alfalfa, members of the Rutaceae; Zizyphus, and bael
fruit (Hill, 1987)
Habitats
The Insect are found in savannahs, fallow lands, gardens, evergreen and
semi-evergreen forests
Distribution
Saudi Arabia, through Pakistan,
India, S.E. Asia up to S. China
and Taiwan, and parts of
Australia, Papua New Guinea
and West Irian (Hills, 1983)
Pest status
1. A serious pest of citrus
nursery stock and other young
citrus trees in Asia and the
Middle East
(http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/
enpp/ento/limeswallowtail.html)
2. A widespread pest of citrus
throughout tropical Asia and
Australasia, together with the
other species of Papilio.
3. They are a strong flier. It has been highly expansive in Asia
Damage and Symptom
 The larvae eat leaves, especially
flush growth, and young plants maybe
defoliated (Hills, 1987).
 Badawi (1981) recordes that A
single larva consume nine complete
leaves in the course of its
development.
 The mean leaf area consumed by all instar of a single larva was 247, 6 cm:
Instar
% Food consuming
Fifth instar
83.6 %
Fourth instar
7 %
Third instar
2.3 %
First and two instar
Less than 2 %
Biology
 This insect seems to have about 8 generation a year (in Riyadh region)
(Badawi, 1981)
 Chatterjee et al. (2000), in Guerrero et.all, (2004) showed a positive
correlation of P. demoleus abundance with seasonal increases in
temperature and relative humidity in West Bengal, India, and Singh
 They have complete metamorphosis, including:
 Egg
 Larvae
 Pupae
 Adult
Egg
 The eggs are pale yellow
 They laid singly on flush growth, usually at the tips of the leaves or at
the edge of the lamina
 Period of eggs stage between 3.1 to 6.1 days (Badawi, 1981)
 Eggs are laid singly or in groups of 2-3 on leaves
 A female lays up to 183 eggs (Nair, 1999)
Larvae
 The fullgrown of caterpillar is stout and
greenish in colour and is about 3.8 cm in
length (Nair, 1999)
 Period of larva stage between 12.9 to
22.7 days (Badawi, 1981)
 The mean leaf area consumed by
all instar of a single larva was 247, 6
cm
Pupae
 Type of pupae are Obtecta,
green in colour
 Fixing itself by the tail and by thread
round the body which is fastened on each
side of the plant (Lefroy, and Maxwell,
1971)
 The longest and shortest period for
pupation were 22.4 and 8.0 days (In
Riyadh)
 The highest mortality of this insect happened in this stage (59 %),
further study reveal there was a bacterium of the genus Bacillus
presence in the haemolymph of the infected individuals (Badawi,
1981)
Adult
 Wingspan of 9-10 cm. and 2.5 cm in
body length
 Body is black and yellow with distinct
characteristic red patch on the hind
margin of each hind wing (Nair, 1999)
 There is no tail on the hind wing. There
are two yellow spots at the upper end of
the cell and several scattered yellow spots
in the apical region
Fig. 1a. Male lime swallowtail,
Papilio demoleus, dorsal view
Fig. 1b. Male lime swallowtail
Papilio demoleus, ventral view
Fig. 2a. Female lime swallowtail,
Papilio demoleus, dorsal view
Fig. 2b. Female lime swallowtail,
Papilio demoleus, ventral view
Behaviour
 They has several modes of flight:
 In the cool of the morning, the flight is slow
 As the day progresses, it flies fast, straight and low.
 In the hotter part of the day, it will remain motionless
 It is also a frequent visitor of flowers in
gardens.
 While resting, the butterfly closes
its wing over its back and draws the
forewings between the hindwings
Pest Management
 Natural
 Bacillus sp. as an Entomopathogen
 Entomophagous nematode (Steinernema sp., Nematoda:
Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) (mean mortality 45% within 48 hrs of
treatment). (Singhm, 1993 in Guerrero et.al, 2004)
 Spider as predators for eggs and young larve (Badawi, 1981)
 Apanteles papilionis Viereck as parasite for P. demoleus larva
(Krishnamoorthy, 1987)
 Introducing : Pteromalus puparium (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae)
as a parasite (Anonim, 1996)
 Hand collection : Used when the infestation is not too severe or
extensive, This methode is often effective on small trees (Hill, 1983)
Pest Management
 Chemical
 Contact and foliar spray insecticide
Example : Malathion, fenthion or fenitrothion. (Hill, 1983)
 Lebaycid (E.C. o.1 %) Parathion (EC 0.05 % not for small holders)
Tjiodan (EC 0.1 %) (Bohlen, 1978)
Reference
Anonim.1996. Citrus pest problems and their control in the near East. FAO Plant
Production and Protection Paper. 403p
Bohlen, Eberhard. 1978.Crop Pest in Tanzania and their Control. Verlag Paul Parey.142p
East wood, Rod., Sarah Lyn Boyce, and Brian D. Farrell.2006. The
Provenance of Old World Swallowtail Butterflies Papilio demoleus
(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), Recently Discovered in the New World. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(1): 164-168
Guererro, Kelvin, A. Denia Veloz, Sarah Lyn Boyce,and Brian D. Farrell.2004. First New
World Documentation of an Old World Citrus Pest, the Lime Swallowtail
Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae),in the Dominican Republic
(Hispaniola).American Entomologist. Vol. 5, No.4:227-229p
Hill, Dennis. 1983.Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge
University Press.London. 746p
Homziak, Nicolas T. and Jurij Homziak.2006.Papilo demoleus(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae) :
A New records for the United States, commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Florida
Entomologist 89(4):485-488p.
Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. Pest of Crop in Indonesia. PT. Ichtiar-Van Hoeve. Jakarta.
701p.
Lefroy, H Maxwell, 1971. Indian Insect Pest.Todays and tomorrow printers and publisher.
India.318p.
Nair, M.R.G.K. 1999. A Monograph on Crop Pests of Kerala and Their Control. Kerala
Agricultural University.227p
Jazakallohu Khoir
Terimakasih