Transcript Forestry and Fisheries Management

Biomes Under Pressure
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Forests and woodlands
Tropical forests
Oceans
Coral reefs and mangroves
World Wood Consumption
Causes of Deforestation
• Economic
development
• Human population
growth
Frontier Forests 8,000 Years Ago
Frontier Forest = “Old Growth” Forest, which never having
been cut down and cleared by humans, they are in balance
with natural disturbance events such as fire, winds, etc…
Frontier Forests Today
Very few forests remain untouched by humans and our practices
of large scale clearing for wood and agriculture lands.
North American Frontiers
Low or no threat
Medium or high threat
Non frontier forests
Unassessed for threat
Non-Frontier Forest are also
called “Second Growth”
Forests, meaning they have
growth back at after at least
one clearing.
www.globalforestwatch.org
Man wants more farmland for livestock and crops.
Cameroon in 1959
Non-Forest
Unprotected
Forest
Protected
Forest
Logged or
Logging
Cameroon in 1971
Non-Forest
Unprotected
Forest
Protected
Forest
Logged or
Logging
Cameroon in 1995
Non-Forest
Unprotected
Forest
Protected
Forest
Logged or
Logging
Cameroon in 1999
Non-Forest
Unprotected
Forest
Protected
Forest
Logged or
Logging
Today, 80% of Cameroon’s
Unprotected Forests are in
Logging Areas or
Concessions
Affects of Deforestation
(Clear Cutting)
Loss of forests leads to:
More
or
Less
Productivity
Nutrient recycling
Biodiversity
Soil erosion
Evapotranspiration
Air pollution
Sustainable Forest
Management
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Manage for sustainable outcomes
Responsible practices (teach others)
Protect the health of the forest
Recognize and protect unique forest
ecosystems.
• Continuous improvement (strive to be
better forest managers; be adaptive)
New Forestry Practices
• Cut trees less frequently
• Leave wider buffer zones along
waterways
• Leave dead logs and debris
• Protect broader landscapes
• Build no new roads until damage to old
ones is addressed
• Added-value products (use of species
other than wood/lumber species)
Loss of Tropical Rainforests – Why?
• Colonization:
consolidation of
agricultural
lands
• Huge national
debts
• Fast food chains
and cheap
hamburger
Conserving Tropical
Rainforests
• Ecotourism
• Extractive reserves & Valueadded products
• Management by indigenous
people
• Rubber, coffee & cocoa
plantations
• Sustainable logging
• Carbon sequestration credits
Ocean Ecosystems
75% of the Earth’s
surface
An international
commons?
Global Fish Harvests
Overfishing one species
leads to shift to catch
other less desirable
species elsewhere.
100 million metric tons of
food on a sustained basis?
Fisheries Problems
Too many boats
High technology
Too few fish
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery
Conservation and Management Act
1976
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Gave federal government
authority to manage
fisheries
Claimed the area between
3 and 200 miles off shore
as the “Exclusive Economic
Zone”
• Designed to eliminate
foreign fishing
• Designed to restore
and conserve fish
Impacts of Magnuson-Stevens Act
• Swapped foreign
with American
exploiters
• Huge conflict of
interest among
council members
• Endangerment of
236 fish species
Fisheries in Distress
Georges Bank Cod Fishery Collapse: Regional management council versus NMFS,
an example of regional politics over sound science in late 1970’s; 197 dramatic
solutions = half-time, 2/3 area fished; buy-out program.
Sustainable Fisheries Act
• The 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson Act.
• Mandates that fish stocks be rebuilt (reestablished)
• Management plans and yields be based on sound
scientific data
• Steps be taken to minimize “by-catch”
Mangrove Forest: trees adapted to saltwater and flooded soils.
Mangroves
• Protects coasts from
storm damage and
erosion
• Forms rich refuge and
nursery for marine fish
• Prevents sediments
and excess nutrients
getting to Coral Reefs
• Shrimp farming and
residential
development are
leading causes of
clearing.
Coral Reefs as
Resources for Man:
• Important food
sources for local
people
• Wave erosion control
• Great diversity of
marine vertebrates
and invertebrates
Sources of Damage to Coral Reefs:
• Climate Change
– Warmer waters
– (Coral Bleaching Hot Spots)
• Sedimentation and Eutrophication
– Coastal development
– Shrimp aquaculture
– Logging
• Over-Fishing
– Islander poverty
– Northern Demand
• Habitat Destruction/Alteration
– “Loving it to death”
– anchor and diver damage
Marine Sanctuaries
[Photo: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve]
Belize
Case Study
• About 70% Forest
Remains
• Second largest barrier reef
in the world.
• Tourism industry matches
sugar Cane production as
leading industry and
revenue generator in
Belize.
• Approximately 45% of
land area as park, reserves,
or private land trusts.
• Numerous marine
sanctuaries!